EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Meaning, Definitions, Kinds/ Types,Needs and Base  of Educational Administration 

          MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL                          ADMINISTRATION

Educational administration is a part of general administration or public administration but it bears more responsibility in getting of human values in comparison of other administrations. This administration through schools becomes success-ful in getting these ideals and values. Due to this cause, it is different from public administration or other administrations on the basis of functions and objectives. Thus educational administration in this form is a specific business. 

                        DEFINITION 

Encyclopedia of educational Research 

"Educational administration is a process integrating the efforts of personnel and of utilizing appropriate materials in such a way as to promote effectively the development of human qualities. It is concerned not only with the development of child and youth but also with the growth of adults and particularly with the growth of school personnel. "

Campbell,Carbally and Ramseyer :- "The educational administration consists  of facilitating the development of goals and policies basics to teaching and learning stimulating the development of appropriate programmes for teaching and learning and procuring and managing personnel and material to implement teaching and learning.

Graham Balfour:- " Educational administration is to enable the right pupils to receive the right education from the right teachers at a cost within the means of the state under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their training. "

    By going through the above mentioned definitions, we draw the following points:--

*Educational administration makes entire means and efforts active for joint venture.

*Educational administration helps in getting of objectives of education.

*Educational administration also helps in the progress of individuals and society as well.

*Educational administration is concerned with different type of functionaries--‐-- teachers,  students,  guardians, and public and coordination of their efforts.

            KINDS OF EDUCATIONAL                               ADMINISTRATION 

   Generally, educational administration can be divided in to two parts:--

*External Administration

*Internal Administration

*External Administration:-- External control of education in India indicates the influence and direction which are exercise by the education department of the government. It formulated the framework of rules and regulations besides prescribing the curriculum and textbooks. It prescribes scales of salaries of various categories of the staff, terms and conditions of their service code of conduct tution fees for various classes, fixation of the duration of the school session and determines financial aid and regulates other matters for the welfare of the staff and students.

          In other democratic countries, the responsibility of attending to such matters as curriculum, textbooks and other educational problems rests mostly on the shoulders of the teachers, schools and the community, but in India it is the other way round. Here all the directions relating to the above matters flow from the Education Department of the government. The schools have to teach only that material which is prescribed or recommended for different classes by the Education Department. This hinders the teacher's initiative. The best form of administration system therefore is that in which the teachers effectively participate in the affairs of the school. Under such a system the teachers, administrators and educationists functions in a team spirit. Only as a result of the corporate functioning of all these, can those objectives be attained for which the particular institution is  started. Unfortunately in our country the teachers have no freedom to voice their views in matters connected with the educational administration or with teaching problems.

*Internal Administration :-- The internal administration means the system under which the headmaster of a school manages and directs the day to day programmes and activities with the help of help of his colleagues and students in accordance with the general rules and regulations laid down by the Education Department. It is prime need of a democracy that the heads of schools are given an opportunity to have their due say in educational matters. If they are not granted the freedom in dealing with these matters, they would not be able make use of their initiatives and would only be following the line dictated by higher authorities. Therefore when India has chosen the path of democracy,  it becomes desirable that the school should be allowed some autonomy in regards to the selection of textbooks and teaching methods. A democratic outlook should be brought to bear on the internal management of the school so that not only educationists, administrators and teachers but the students as well be held equally accountable for the administration of the school in balanced coordination established between their activities and functions.

      Main subject of educational administration is supposed "Authority and "Control" because the form of administration and its qualities depend upon this matter that authority and control are based on what point and how they are used. Infact, authority indicates that power which makes division of labour among the official and they are made  held responsible for them. The control is a process by which the power is utilized. But these both the elements power and control decide the quality of administration. In the administration,  authority and control can be placed in two categories:---

*Centralisation

*Decentralization

*Centralisation:-- Centralization is that form of administration in which power rests in a point. This central body formulates policies and executes them.  At the same time it passes orders and provides funds. This sort of administration lays emphasis on uniformity. In it, monopoly of state is supposed on education. This sort of administration is governed by the bureaucrats.

*Decentralization:-- Decentralization indicates that form of administration in which power rests in local authorities. This kind of administration is based on the principle of "self -determination of local communities".In this form of educational administration guardians, community and teachers, all the three are given equal importance. At the same time, education is supposed to be a co- effort. This kind of administration lays emphasis on adaptation with local conditions. Along with it, it maintains diversity and also lays emphasis on the free and open expression of interactions that is free discussions are allowed in this form of administration.

              NEED OF EDUCATIONAL                                ADMINISTRATOR

The educational managers of India must change and use style that fit into the socio-culural and political change taking place in India. The traditional bureaucratic style may not work in the changed climate of the country. The educational managers in India are, in fact, facing today a very critical situation. They are finding that no style, neither this bureaucratic nor the democratic style is really working in most schools and university situations. Let us examine the kind of situation that exists in the field of education in which the leadership has to be exercised. 

         The whole field of education has been innundated with political activism during the past twenty years. There are students unions, teachers associations class 3 and 4 employees unions, citizens councils and parents association everywhere which are becoming more and more active day by day. They are bringing all sorts of desirable and undesirable pressures on the educational managers to influence their decision making process. To deal with them requires a new kind of insight and approach. It is not easy to say what kind of managerial style will be suitable in these situations.  But a trained and insightful manager who is flexible enough can immediately identify which style will work.

         Since the private sector in the field of education has been substantially cut down or made powerless, local control centers in the institutions have been abolished and the principals are finding it difficult to take work from teachers and other employees. Even the higher level managers are failing to help them. In this situation they are faced with the problems of maintaining the standards of teaching and effectiveness of the institutions. This calls for new skills wisdom on the part of the administrator. An entirely new kind of leadership is required.

          Insufficient grants and inadequate financial support caused by several factors have posed for them other problems. They are short of equipments and other teaching learning facilities such as inadequate building,  shortage of classroom, staff rooms, sports ground, laboratories etc. This has resulted in to teachers alienation from work and also has operated as a demotivating factors students learning. How to manage this situation is another challenging problem for the present day educational manager.

          Due to loose control and misinterpretation of freedom and liberty, people in all educational organizations have become much more self-conscious and right-oriented. They fight for even the small things. The outcome is that the college and university are faced with many kinds of conflicts among people. The managers are required to have skills and insight into management of these conflicts. Organisational conflicts are going to stay with educational institutions in future also. The educational administrational administrators of tomorrow therefore, must learn strategies to manage these conflicts.

              Today decision- making has become more complex in the field of education with the advent of democracy in India. Democratic tradition as part of societies culture encourages, participation of more and more of those who are concerned with the task. This situation makes it imperative for the educational managers to have the skills in participatory decision- making .

            The emergence of the new concepts and approaches in the field of education such as non-formal education, adult education, life long education, community- based education, vocationalization of education etc, require still additional cognitive background and specific skills on the part of educational managers.

              BASE OF EDUCATIONAL                              ADMINISTRATION

*Educational Objectives 

*Social Base

*Psychological Ground

*Educational Objectives:-- Educational administration is based on those educational objectives which are fixed by the prevalent philosophy of the society. Social philosophy is formulated by dynamic elements of social, cultural,  historical,  political and economic etc.under society and the some social determines educational objectives. Chiefly there are two kinds of philosophy available in the world. First is autocratic and second one is democratic philosophy. In the autocratic philosophy national interest is supposed to be on the top in comparison of individuals. In the democratic philosophy the emphasis is laid on the importance of individual and a balance is kept among individual and social interest. 

         In autocratic countries the form of educational administration is unitary and it is expected from official to obey the orders of the officers while in the democratic countries freedom of expression of individual is encouraged. In these countries educational administration is based on cooperation,  adaptation, unification, participation of officials and sympathy.

      Educational objectives in all the countries are not similar and permanent for ever. They are according to needs and aspirations of the country, they may be social,  political,  economic and of cultural life. When these needs and aspirations are flexible, educational objectives are also flexible in the same manner. Thus educational objectives play and important role in determining the form of educational administration. 

*Social Base:-- Education is a social process and its working method and administration depends upon various social components. Philosophy and history of the nation affect the form of educational administration very much.  United States of America attained freedom on the basis of democratic principles and in comparison of other nations,  it rose very late as a new nation. Therefore, it was provided these democratic and decentralized firm of educational administration according to democratic school of thought, Russia adopted centralized educational administration due to historical effect and communistic philosophy. Present educational administration is the legacy of British rule in India. Thus no country can escape of its historical tradition.  These traditions reflect in its educational administration.

               The culture of the country reflects in educational administration directly or indirectly. Society expects from education that it should protect its culture. Along with it should be taken towards progress. Educational administration runs the institution or organization keeping in mind this view point of society. Due to this cause, educational administration is supposed to be a social process which directly or indirectly is effected with cultural environment or atmosphere of the country. Confirmation of this statement can be done with these words of Kandel ,"Education systems are effected with its cultural environment not only national systems are different from each other but in democracy where decentralization gains encouragement, local systems also became different from each other in several matters.

*Psychological Ground:-- Educational administration is different from other administrations because its relation is with the development of individual. In other administrations, it is not considered to pay heed on the development of individual. Therefore it cannot be separated its administration from the ideal of an individual. Educational administration is a dynamic process whose central point is child.

According to Graham Balfour:-- "Educational administration is to be enable the right pupils to receive the right education from the right teachers, at a cost within the means of the state under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their training. "

       Thus educational administration should be individual based instead of file based. Therefore, it will be suitable if the educational administration endeavours for the maximum development of different sides of of individual like physical, religious, emotional and aesthetic etc. With the help of psychology, knowing about natural energy, capacity,  ability and interest of child and according to them syllabus of school, time table, teaching method,  teaching material,  furnishing and furnitures etc. can be arranged, it will be the best way of development of individual. In addition to that ,efficiency will increase by having consideration of interests, energies and capacities of teachers and other staff because division of labour done according to interest and capacities help in encouraging staff for increasing capacity, co-operation and proper way of working. 

HEALTH EDUCATION AND SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME

Meaning,Definitions of Health,Qualities of healthy person,Main elements effecting the health  of individual, Meaning, Definition,Scope and Aims of health education, School health education  programme and Role of Headmaster in Health Education Programme  

                  MEANING OF HEALTH

   English word "HEALTH " was used for condition of being "hale" the meaning of which was drawn for protection and free from disease. Generally ,meaning of health is attached to that healthy  state through whìch all functions of body and mind are accomplished properly and actively. For making more clear the meaning of health, some definitions are being blow:--

J.F.WILLIAMS:-- "Health is the quality of    life that enables the individual to live most and to serve best.

W.H.O.:-- "Health is a state of complete physical, mental,  and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ".

WEBSTER COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY:-- "Health is a state of being hale and sound in body, mind or soul specially from physical disease or pain".

       On the basis of above mentioned definitions we can say this that in health it is included physical power in adequate quality, activeness, alertness and tolerance. Along with mental health is also included in it, by which needs of daily life may be fulfilled.

            QUALITIES OF HEALTHY PERSON

*Sense of well being

*Self confidence

*Self control

*Ability of work, efficiency and enthusiasm.

*Cheerfulness

*Wholesome Mental Attitude

*Free from anxiety

*Courage

*Ability to work with others

MAIN ELEMENTS EFFECTING THE HEALTH                            OF INDIVIDUAL

*Wholesome food

*Physical activity ----- outdoor games,exercise etc.

*Sleep

*Proper vocation

*Use of leisure

*Healthy mental views towards life

*Proper care of feet

*Doctory services as per needs

         MEANING OF HEALTH EDUCATION

      Health education is a method of imparting knowledge of rules to students of healthy living.

DR.THOMOS D. WOOD:-- "Health educaton is the sum of experiences which favourably influence habbits, attitudes and knowledge relating to individual, community and racial health. "

RUTH E. GROUT:-- "Health education is the translation of what is known about health in to desirable individual and community behaviour patterns by means of the education process. "

            SCOPE OF HEALTH EDUCATION

  Scope of health education is very wide. Generally, under this field protection of health of children investigation of various defects and diseases created in their health, and their solution and for improvement of their health they have to be acquainted with rules of health, are included in it. Thus in the field of education, personal health, physical education. Science of health and facts related with community health are needed to be known.

           For the protection of health, it is necessary to have control on contagious diseases and establishment of appropriate atmosphere. For establishing appropriate atmosphere, it is essential to pay attention on situations of school building, arrangement of fresh air and light, furniture and educational material, proper arrangement of food, water and proper physical education. For controling contagious diseases knowledge is important of various resources. The field of school health education is not limited to protection, notwithstanding it has to see this also that what are the needs of health of children, their medical check up is done properly or not whether they are imparted education of construction of various physical parts and their working system or not. Under school health education, those all activities also should be included which make man physically, mentally and morally healthy and individual, community and caste are helped in making  views and habits the best regarding health.

             AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION

Main aim of health education is to learn children this that--

*How can they remain healthy.

*Along with, it is also to be learnt that how can they make the level of health high.

       Health education for above points stresses on making good habits for leading a scientific and effective way of life:  balanced diet to them,water and fresh air, light and knowledge of rules regarding exercise. In addition to these aims, other following aims of health education are regarded important.

*Students should be imparted knowledge about accidents, and causes of various diseases and remedy for eradicating them.

*To help in improviding also the health of teachers, and other functionaries of school.

*To impart education of rules and principles relating to health to guardians and other members of society so that they themselves may improve their health and may construct appropriate atmosphere for making good health of their children.

              SCHOOL HEALTH EDUCATION                                             PROGRAMME                                   
           School health education programme committee of America has defined the School Health Education as" the school procedure that contribute to the maintenance and improvement of the health of pupil and school personnel including health services, healthful living and health education. "

         On the basis of aforesaid statement programme related to school health has been classified in some categories as below:--

*HEALTH OR MEDICAL SERVICES:-- An important duty of school is to provide adequate health services to pupils under health services. All those processes which determine the total health of a child and contribute to the promotion of his physical and mental health, are health services. Along with conveys the defects to guardians and prevent diseases and eradicate defects. Practically, in health services medical check up and follow up work knowledge about the health needs and information regarding it should be recorded report to teachers about children, food, water and toilet arrangement are included in it.

*HEALTHY LIVING:-- In the school, second important part of health education programme is healthy living. It is important responsibility of a good school that school should provide a healthy and clean physical atmosphere which should be completely health providing. Rooms of school building play ground etc. clean, attractive and developing of children and should be appropriate in all respect. In class rooms, there should be  proper arrangement of fresh air and light. Besides furniture of school should be according to age and height of pupil. Thus the entire atmosphere of school should be appropriate and promoting health with the view of children.

MAIN PURPOSE OF HEALTH EDUCATION 

To do appropriate arrangement in school for healthy living of children. For this,there should be development of various habits and likings in children. Teacher can play very important role in the development of these. By observing cleanliness week and health week the feeling of respect can be developed in children towards social service and dignity of labour. Indeed, through the programmes of health, the entire atmosphere of school can be made the motivation of healthy life.

         For the preservation of health only appropriate physical atmosphere is not only necessary to be provided, notwithstanding, it is most essential to arrange properly also for construction of good habits and emotional development of children. School, along with physical development of children is also responsible for mental emotional health.

EDUCATION REGARDING HEALTH:-- It is also responsibility of the school that it should educate each child about the need of maintaining good health. What is good health of children, and how it could be achieved and how to safeguard from disease etc, it is very essential to know about these all. In addition to these they should be imparted education about the importance of food and cleanliness and it is also most essential to know about mental and emotional matters. Knowledge of these things is not useful for child himself, notwithstanding it is also useful for whole of the community and the nation.

              This knowledge can be provided through arrange programmes of health education. In physiological science and science of health, instructions can be provided regarding health directly.

             Physics,biology, home science, social science etc.can be attached with specific speeches on the context of mental and emotional health. In curriculum of health guidance, food, climate, exercise, recreation sleep, parts of body and their working system, abnormal conditions, and bad habits leave bad effect on health, cause of disease, its traits and remedy of eradicating them, and first aid and should be given place.

            Mostly, health education is given by delivering lecturers printed matters of various kinds, but the use of TV, Radio, and organization of dramas and by showing film, arranging exhibitions, observing health week, the health education may be made more interesting.

            The atmosphere is also important means of providing the health education. Thus for providing it ,in home, school and society promoting health atmosphere should be constructed it can make objective easy to achieve.

      ROLE OF HEADMASTER IN HEALTH                       EDUCATION PROGRAMME

     In respect of health education programme, the important responsibility of principal is this that he should establish coordination among the various departments of school working in school health programme. For this, he should establish such administration procedures through the teachers of physical education, school, doctor ,nurse and psychologist may be successful in their efforts. The principal should provide appropriate material to teachers for making programme of teaching of health education completely useful.

               In this work he can seek cooperation of all officers and workers of school related with health education programme. He should also exert with importance for obtaining cooperation of parents of children and other people of community. As we have seen above in school, health education is total sum of those processesand experiences which effect the health of individual, community and caste.

      It is also duty of the principal that he, for the success of health education programme should use various resources of the society, for instance he should seek help so far possible from the officers of public health department other persons of the society who are related with the health education.

        He can do important work about the health of children by seeking cooperation of the parents of children. In each school there are some such children who look to be lazy and devoid of activeness of childhood they attract attention towards them, who remain indifferent in the class, and escape from participating in games. It is the duty of the principal to enquire the situation by meeting the parents of such children. Physical, social and psychological atmosphere leave influence on child. The main organ of physical atmosphere is food. It the child does not get proper food, there would be bad effect on his liking ,and activities definitely. The child would become the same, as he would eat food. The principal should manage in this regard accordingly, if possible.

       









             

MID DAY MEAL SCHEME

 Meaning,Definition, Needs, Importance, Aims and Objectives, Advantage, and History of  Mid day meal scheme

             MEANING OF MID DAY MEAL

" A meal eaten in the middle of the day"

             DEFINITION OF MID DAY MEAL   


" Mid -day meal is actually refered to the lunch which is provided to students who are studying in the government or government sponsored secondary level school, in free of cost."

                MID DAY MEAL SCHEME

The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the government of India designed to improve the nutritional status of school-age children nationwide. The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government. 

         Midday meal project is a famous school meal scheme in the country of India. The scheme was begun in the year of 1960. The main objective of the scheme is to provide day lunch to students during working school days. Some other important aims of this scheme are including protecting students from study-room hunger, improved socialization especially among the students, increasing enrollment as well as attendance, social empowerment; addressing malnutrition etc

        NEED OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEME

Most of Indians neither understand importance of balanced diet nor they are in position to manage that. According to the BOARD OF NUTRITION COUNSELOR OF HEALTH MINISTRY, in India near about 12- 14 thousand children every  year become blind due to lack of vitamin "A". To prevent such blindness they are given a strong dose of vitamin "A" at the interval of every 6 month by health centers for providing nutritious food to school  going children.             
      School mid day meal scheme was proposed in 1961.Along with ,in various  school  steps were taken to open school canteens in which stress was given to supply nutritious items to children. Through these  various  provisions, the students were given necessary calories through various  food commodities. For "mid day meal " arrangement in school  economic help should be given by government religious organisation and voluntary  organisation etc. so that this arangement may be possible in all school.

IMPORTANCE OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEME

The programme mid day meal India is the potential steps taken by the government of India to promote  education. It works as an incentive for parents to  send their children to school with the hope for at least one nutritious meals for the day. The children of  government school mostly come from economically backward families.

*The poor students get a nutritious  food in their  lunch.

*The poor  students are  attracted to the school.

*The malnutrition problem among the children is partially resolved due to this initiative.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF MID DAY MEAL                                   SCHEME             

*Eliminating classroom hunger

*Increasing school enrollment.

*Increasing school attendance.

*Improving socialisation among castes.

*Addressing malnutrition.

*Women empowerment.

ADVANTAGE OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEME

Some advantages of mid day meals:-

* Satisfies the hunger of many children.

* Supplies nutritious food to poor children which helps them to concentrate on studies better.

* Students come to government schools daily.

*Decreasing child labour.

*Children improves Unity and understanding between various religious groups

*Mostly people are being employed as cook and assistant all over the country in this program.

     HISTORY OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEME

     Mid day meal programme was introduced in  1925 in Madras corporation by the British administration. A mid day meal programme was introduced in the Union Territory of Puducherry by the French administration in 1930. 

        State governments to children began with their launch of a mid day meal programme in primary schools in the 1962–63 school year. Tamil Nadu is a pioneer in introducing mid day meal programmes in India to increase the number of kids coming to school; then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, introduced it first in Chennai and later extended it to all districts of Tamil Nadu.

During 1982, July 1 onwards, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, upgraded the existing Mid-day meal scheme in the state to 'Nutritious food scheme' keeping in the mind that 68 lakh children suffer malnutrition.

    Gujarat was the second state to introduce an MDM scheme in 1984, but it was later discontinued.

       A midday meal scheme was introduced in Kerala in 1984, and was gradually expanded to include more schools and grades. By 1990–91, twelve states were funding the scheme to all or most of the students in their area: Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya pradesh, Maharashtra,  Meghalaya,  Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil nadu,Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, karnataka,  Urisa and West Bengal received international aid to help with implementation of the programme, and in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan the programme was funded entirely using foreign aid.

     In Karnataka,Children's Love Castle Trust started to provide mid-day meals in 1997. A total of eight schools were adopted and a food bank programme and an Angganwasi milk Programme were started. The food-bank programme was replaced by the State Government midday meal scheme.

                 

BALANCED DIET

              DR. J. S. MCLESTER

  "Balance diet is that,which both in sickness and health will meet but not exceed a  person's coloric needs and which is designed to provide as far as possible in liberal excess of body's calculated requirements of all nutritive essential, notably proteins and vitamins. "

             Health is not only such thing which could be given to man by taking out ,from a bottle of some medicine. It depends upon proper habbit and attitude of life. GEORGE NEWMEN has told six fundamental needs of  health. Thosej are :--------

*Balanced diet
*Fresh air
*Light
*Heat
*Exercise
*Rest
*Cleanliness

             We all know that without food man can live alive for few days only ,that is food is most essential for human life. Food means all things, using which all creatures to live alive.

                       FUNCTION OF FOOD

    Functions of food in our body are the following:--

*Food generates power for conducting physical activities, and along with power, it provides heat to the body.

*Food develops body of infants and children and constructs new tissues and repair damaged tissues or organs of body.

*Food preserves health and develops body by conducting and controlling internal activities of body.

                    MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF FOOD

       Food commodies can be classified in the following categories with the viewpoint of their chemical construction:--

*CARBOHYDRATE--- Starch and sugar.

*FATS-- Animal fat and vegetative fats and other things like this.

*PROTEINS-- Pulses, curds etc.

*MINERAL SALT-- Calcium, Phosphorus, iodine, iron, sodium chloride etc.

*VITAMINS---- "A", "B" ,"B2" Nicotine acids "c"

"D" etc.

*WATER--Besides above 5 elements, it is also one more element which is found in many edible things .It is essential for digestion. It ousts waste from body through urine, sweat and respiration.

 SPECIFIC FUNCTION OF FOOD ELEMENTS

*Function  of providing power and heat to body ,it is done by  carbohydrate and fats.

*Development of  body and  repair of cells, it is done by the protein and mineral salt.

*Functions of physical activities and preservation of health, vitamins and mineral salt bear this responsibility.

        MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF                                      BALANCED DIET
                   

   Indeed balanced diet is that food in which all food elements are found in proper quantity with point of view of need of individual. The balanced diet is effected by various situations of individual. Each person requires food which provides power and heat,develops body and protects health, but all persons do not require equal quantity of these three elements. Various persons require various quantities of these nutritive elements according to age ,sex, toil ,and season. There is difference in food habits of infant or child and adults, of female and male and of physical  workers and mental  workers, the inhabitants of cold regions and hot  countries, and of winter season and summer season. Reasons of difference of these are quite apparent, for example----in any situation and stage, the nutritive elements protein is required more ,in other condition it is needed the power generating element. Carbohydrate more therefore, not only for children but also for each individual, such balanced diet is required in which he may obtain proper supply of various nutritive elements in proper quantity of food, useful for power generation, body construction and health protection.
         
           Thus it can be said that balanced diet is that food in which all food elements are available supplying needs of body and they are also in proper quantity according to need of particular individual.

           EFFECT ON BODY OFWANT OF                                         BALANCED DIET
                   


       As food is most essential to remain alive, in the same manner for healthy and long life, balanced diet is important. It has come to notice from surveys relating to nutrition that person of specific conditions for instance infant and child, expectant mothers and suckling mothers are badly affected due to lack of balanced diet and important elements in food. In general, on the food of all classes of Indians, protein and mineral salt and vitamins are found inadequate, but particularly children are mostly affected by the food which is not regarded satisfactory. This is the reason that generally health and body development is found of very low standards of children of our country. Many children are not only found unhealthy but they are also found sufferable from several diseases in want of main elements of food.
 
*EFFECT OF WANT OF PROTEIN:--Due to lack of protein, the body development of children is obstructed, liver enlarges, the skin of body becomes dry and pale ,Sometimes loose motion also occur.

*EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN "A":--Due to deficiency of this vitamin, children become prey of difficulties for whole life Eyes are effected at the most by the deficiency of it .firstly, in want of it, the light of eyes is lost.He can not see well.He feel with the hand to pick up a thing. By and by eye defect increases. Sometimes eyesight goes forever. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin also.
.
EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN "B":-- From deficiency of this vitamin, child becomes victim of pellagra,and anaemia etc. diseases. In side the mouth, skin feels trouble and tongue becomes uneven. This vitamin is also essential for keeping many things healthy in the body.

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN "C":-- Due to deficiency of this vitamin, children  become prey of scurvy disease
Along with, due to want of it teeth and gums become unhealthy.

EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN "D":-- Due to lack of this vitamin, children are affected by rickets.

*EFFECT IS DEFICIENCY OF MINERAL SALT:-Due to lack of calcium and phosphorus, development of child is hindered. Bones and teeth become weak.Due to lack of iron,children are affected by anaemia. In want of iodine thyroid glands do not work well.

             NEED OF FOOD OF CHILDREN

     Through surveys conducted in different parts of country in connection with nutrition, we have come to know that in want of nutritive elements, children are affected greatly. In preliminary stages they need nutritive food particularly for bodily development and growth. Bodily growth of school going children is a continuous process. Therefore, they require more protein in their diet. Besides bodily development, due to their continuous energetic activities, they require more protein in comparison of adults for repairing of damaged and worn out tissues  generally which is not available to children of India.

            Children are always very much active. Therefore, they require more energy For generating more energy, they require more carbohydrate and fat in their diet. Along with protein, carbohydrates and fat,they require also mineral salt, and vitamins adequately like person of all ages ,these food elements help maintaining the health.

          Milk is the best nutritive food for children for keeping them healthy, because milk proteins are regarded to be the high quality proteins. Along with protein and calcium, we get carbohydrate and fat also from it which are regarded energy producing elements.

           In milk, generally all minerals salts are found in balanced quantity. Besides it vitamins "A" and "B" are also available in it for keeping health nice.

           It is also estimated that there is a difference in between food requirements of boys and girls. Girls need  less quantity of food rather than boys. Be it possible that their food requirement may be less due to construction of body ,their height ,and difference in function. Girls generally invest less energy in games and sports in comparison to boys.Therefore,they require less calories rather than boys.

GENERAL ACCIDENTS AND THEIR FIRST-AID

                           FRACTURE

At the time of playing, running, exercising children  slip and most of the time there is fracture in some bone of foot leg and arm or any other parts of the body. There are many kinds of fracture:--

*COMPOUND FRACTURE
*COMPLICATED FRACTURE
*GREEN STICK FRACTURE
*COMMUNICATED FRACTURE

*COMPOUND FRACTURE:--  When there is no wound on outside the body on fracture it is called compound  fracture.

*COMPLICATED FRACTURE:--  When there is injury inside the body with fracture then it is called complicated fracture.

*GREEN STICK FRACTURE:--  Bone of child doesn't  break easily  rather than adults, but it bend ,it is called green stick fracture.

*COMPLICATED FRACTURE:--  There become several pieces of bone in fracture such fracture is called communicated fracture.

SYMPTOMS:--Swelling ,pain, loss of power,  incapability of movement in the part, unnatural conditions of the part and movement,  cracking noise to become  short of long bones etc.are the main  symptoms of it.

GENERAL TREATMENT:--*Treatment of fracture should be done immediately at the  spot where the accident took place.

*The person who has got fracture, should not be allowed to move till the bone under fractures is set.

*If there is  bleeding with the  fracture, treatment should be given first for stopping bleeding.

*To keep the fracture bone stable, splints and bandages should be used.

*Wounded person should be kept warm for lessening shock felt by accident.

                      DISLOCATION

  Gliding of one or more bones from its place of the joint is generally called  dislocayed.

SYMPTOMS:--Pain in joints,  swelling,  vigourlessness,deformity,  lack of movement etc.are the main symptoms of it.

TREATMENT:-Cold water strip should be placed or if it doesn't give relief, it should be kept warm by cotton or cloth, and the patient should be taken to doctor.

                    SPRAIN

   Sprain comes due to sudden jerk or stress on joints of bones. Around the joints ligaments become tight or break.

SYMPTOMS:--Pain, to become joints inactive, swelling, to change the colour of skin etc.

TREATMENT:--  *Use of strip of cold water at the place of sprain. If it doesn't provide relief, pour warm water on it.

*Give  complete rest to sprained part of body.

*Plaster of opium will give relief in pain.

                   BURNS AND SCALDS

   If body is burnt with some hot things or flame,it is called" Burn".To burn with steam, hot liquid matter like milk, water, ghee and oil etc. Is called "Scald ".

SYMPTOMS:--  *The skin becomes red.

*To raise blisters.

*Ligaments destroy or fibrous tissues spoil

*It pain.

*Clothe may paste with  skin.

   This is always remained a fear that a person may die with the shock of more burn.The symptoms of shock face becomes pale, shallow breathing,  weak heart beating,  to feel  cold.

TREATMENT;--  *To remove cloth carefully from burnt part of the body.

*Light bandage should be  tied by covering wound with cotton.

*On wounds of burns and scalds,ointment should be applied. Burnol is a good oinment.

*Blisters should not be punched.

*Shock needs treatment  (Hot milk ,tea, coffee or solution of ammonium carbonate. )

*Application of solution of salt would give relief on scalded skin.It should be applied at once on scald.

                               SHOCKS

    Shock is that feeble condition of nervous  system which due to sudden accident or dreadful disease is created.

SYMPTOMS:-- Due to shock, body at once becomes loose,muscles and ligaments become lifeless. Blood pressure becomes low. Speed of pulse becomes weak and slow.

ELECTRIC SHOCK:--  Electric current are of two kinds--------A.C is more dangerous than  D.C . A Person can not get rid of A.C. current if he is caught hold by it. But in D.C. current he may be able to  separate himself from it by forcible jetk.
            The moment electric current is touched ,person becomes stupefied and within no time he becomes senseless. At the same time breathing stops. Skin ,nails, lips, etc. become blue. Blood pressure  goes down. Sweat on forehead ,cold skin, low respiration, pulse sometimes fast and  sometimes  very  slow etc .defects are noted.

TREATMENT:-- *Patient should be separated at once from the electric wire .For this main switch should be done off at once .Along with very carefully he should be separated.

*For artificial respiration, sylevester's method should be used.

*The patient should be given breathing through mouth for long time.

*Doctor should be  called immediately or patient should be taken to doctor at once.

                    DROWNING

  On drowning in water for a little time person not only  becomes senseless but also  it stops his breathing by which chances of death become more.

SYMPTOMS:--  *Intermittent respiration or bteathing.

*Veins of neck swell.

*Pulse rate goes fast.

TREATMENT:-- *Tight clothes of patient should be removed gently. 

*Artificial respiration should be managed. 

*When natural respiration is restored, he should be wrapped with blanket etc.

*Hot coffee or tea should be given to drink. 

*If the conditions is serious, medical aid should be sought at once.

                              
                                  SUN STROKE

     Often in summer season, sun stroke is the main problem. This accident occurs with those person who stay in sun heat for late hours or they come in  direct contact of sun rays.

SYMPTOMS:- *In the initial stage, sweating stops.

*Face becomes red.

*Skin becomes dry and hot.

*Feels more thirsty.

*Patient  feels restive.

*Feeling giddy, to cause nausea and headache.

*Sometimes the patient becomes insensible.

TREATMENT:--*Patient should be kept at cool place.

*His clothes should be loose.

*Head and neck should be washed with cold water or should be rubbed ice.

*Cold water should be given to drink, no stimulant drink should be given.

*If all the aforesaid treatment fail,doctor should be called immediately.

                           POISON

    For living beings innumerable things are equivalent to poison. But,in view of first aid, all sorts of poisons may be  classified in the following groups:--

*ALKALINE POISON
*STIMULANT POISON
*ACIDUOUS POISONOUS THINGS

*ALKALINE POISON:-- With this kind of poison mouth and throat are rubbed away by which patient feels very much pain. Sometimes breathing stops and the patient becomes loose.

*STIMULANT POISON:--In it come fungus, metal poison ,rotten food poison etc.By taking them ,there becomes burning sensation in throat and ribs, patient feels dry vomiting. In stomach, it becomes contortion and dysentery.

*ACIDUOUS POISON:-- Under these come thorn apple opium, chloroform, tobacco and aconite etc.By taking them eye pupil of patient  contracts. Respiration becomes  fast and feeble.The patient feels difficultly in breathing. Pulse becomes fast.

TREATMENT:--*Patient should not be allowed to sleep even if he is senseless.

*If the patient feel difficulty in breathing, he should be given artificial respiration.

*Cold water should be poured on head or mouth or cold water strip should be placed on forehead.

*Efforts should be done for vomiting. For it the following remedy should be utilized:------

1)-In one tumbler of hot water two big spoonfuls salt or a big spoon mustard.

2)-The medicine used for vomiting should be repeated after every five minutes till vomiting.

3)-Vomiting can be  caused also by inserting finger in the throat.

*After vomiting, consolatory drink should be given.

*The patient may be given hot tea or coffee, stirring raw eggs in mild and crust of mild etc. From this effect of poisons would lesson.

*The help of doctor should be sought.

             
                             SNAKE BITE

    Poison of snake biting captures heart,blood and centre of ligaments. The skin becomes of purple colour.Becomes insensible. Pulse goes down. Feet tremble. Person twists and shivers.White scum comes out from  mouth. By biting some snakes blood comes out from  nose ,mouth and anus.

TREATMENT:--*Upper portion from the place where snake bite should be tied tightly, so that poison should not spread in whole of the body.

*Cut the place where snake has bitten ,with blade or sharp edge knife, so that poison may flow out with blood.

*On the cut place hot water should be poured so that blood may come out.

*Solution of potassium permanganate should be filled in the wound.

*The patient should not be allowed to sleep.

*Hot drink should be given to patient.

*Doctor should be called immediately.





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