Meaning, Definitions, Kinds/ Types,Needs and Base of Educational Administration
Generally, educational administration can be divided in to two parts:--
*External Administration
*Internal Administration
*External Administration:-- External control of education in India indicates the influence and direction which are exercise by the education department of the government. It formulated the framework of rules and regulations besides prescribing the curriculum and textbooks. It prescribes scales of salaries of various categories of the staff, terms and conditions of their service code of conduct tution fees for various classes, fixation of the duration of the school session and determines financial aid and regulates other matters for the welfare of the staff and students.
In other democratic countries, the responsibility of attending to such matters as curriculum, textbooks and other educational problems rests mostly on the shoulders of the teachers, schools and the community, but in India it is the other way round. Here all the directions relating to the above matters flow from the Education Department of the government. The schools have to teach only that material which is prescribed or recommended for different classes by the Education Department. This hinders the teacher's initiative. The best form of administration system therefore is that in which the teachers effectively participate in the affairs of the school. Under such a system the teachers, administrators and educationists functions in a team spirit. Only as a result of the corporate functioning of all these, can those objectives be attained for which the particular institution is started. Unfortunately in our country the teachers have no freedom to voice their views in matters connected with the educational administration or with teaching problems.
*Internal Administration :-- The internal administration means the system under which the headmaster of a school manages and directs the day to day programmes and activities with the help of help of his colleagues and students in accordance with the general rules and regulations laid down by the Education Department. It is prime need of a democracy that the heads of schools are given an opportunity to have their due say in educational matters. If they are not granted the freedom in dealing with these matters, they would not be able make use of their initiatives and would only be following the line dictated by higher authorities. Therefore when India has chosen the path of democracy, it becomes desirable that the school should be allowed some autonomy in regards to the selection of textbooks and teaching methods. A democratic outlook should be brought to bear on the internal management of the school so that not only educationists, administrators and teachers but the students as well be held equally accountable for the administration of the school in balanced coordination established between their activities and functions.
Main subject of educational administration is supposed "Authority and "Control" because the form of administration and its qualities depend upon this matter that authority and control are based on what point and how they are used. Infact, authority indicates that power which makes division of labour among the official and they are made held responsible for them. The control is a process by which the power is utilized. But these both the elements power and control decide the quality of administration. In the administration, authority and control can be placed in two categories:---
*Centralisation
*Decentralization
*Centralisation:-- Centralization is that form of administration in which power rests in a point. This central body formulates policies and executes them. At the same time it passes orders and provides funds. This sort of administration lays emphasis on uniformity. In it, monopoly of state is supposed on education. This sort of administration is governed by the bureaucrats.
*Decentralization:-- Decentralization indicates that form of administration in which power rests in local authorities. This kind of administration is based on the principle of "self -determination of local communities".In this form of educational administration guardians, community and teachers, all the three are given equal importance. At the same time, education is supposed to be a co- effort. This kind of administration lays emphasis on adaptation with local conditions. Along with it, it maintains diversity and also lays emphasis on the free and open expression of interactions that is free discussions are allowed in this form of administration.
MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Educational administration is a part of general administration or public administration but it bears more responsibility in getting of human values in comparison of other administrations. This administration through schools becomes success-ful in getting these ideals and values. Due to this cause, it is different from public administration or other administrations on the basis of functions and objectives. Thus educational administration in this form is a specific business.
DEFINITION
Encyclopedia of educational Research
"Educational administration is a process integrating the efforts of personnel and of utilizing appropriate materials in such a way as to promote effectively the development of human qualities. It is concerned not only with the development of child and youth but also with the growth of adults and particularly with the growth of school personnel. "
Campbell,Carbally and Ramseyer :- "The educational administration consists of facilitating the development of goals and policies basics to teaching and learning stimulating the development of appropriate programmes for teaching and learning and procuring and managing personnel and material to implement teaching and learning.
Graham Balfour:- " Educational administration is to enable the right pupils to receive the right education from the right teachers at a cost within the means of the state under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their training. "
By going through the above mentioned definitions, we draw the following points:--
*Educational administration makes entire means and efforts active for joint venture.
*Educational administration helps in getting of objectives of education.
*Educational administration also helps in the progress of individuals and society as well.
*Educational administration is concerned with different type of functionaries--‐-- teachers, students, guardians, and public and coordination of their efforts.
Graham Balfour:- " Educational administration is to enable the right pupils to receive the right education from the right teachers at a cost within the means of the state under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their training. "
By going through the above mentioned definitions, we draw the following points:--
*Educational administration makes entire means and efforts active for joint venture.
*Educational administration helps in getting of objectives of education.
*Educational administration also helps in the progress of individuals and society as well.
*Educational administration is concerned with different type of functionaries--‐-- teachers, students, guardians, and public and coordination of their efforts.
KINDS OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Generally, educational administration can be divided in to two parts:--
*External Administration
*Internal Administration
*External Administration:-- External control of education in India indicates the influence and direction which are exercise by the education department of the government. It formulated the framework of rules and regulations besides prescribing the curriculum and textbooks. It prescribes scales of salaries of various categories of the staff, terms and conditions of their service code of conduct tution fees for various classes, fixation of the duration of the school session and determines financial aid and regulates other matters for the welfare of the staff and students.
In other democratic countries, the responsibility of attending to such matters as curriculum, textbooks and other educational problems rests mostly on the shoulders of the teachers, schools and the community, but in India it is the other way round. Here all the directions relating to the above matters flow from the Education Department of the government. The schools have to teach only that material which is prescribed or recommended for different classes by the Education Department. This hinders the teacher's initiative. The best form of administration system therefore is that in which the teachers effectively participate in the affairs of the school. Under such a system the teachers, administrators and educationists functions in a team spirit. Only as a result of the corporate functioning of all these, can those objectives be attained for which the particular institution is started. Unfortunately in our country the teachers have no freedom to voice their views in matters connected with the educational administration or with teaching problems.
*Internal Administration :-- The internal administration means the system under which the headmaster of a school manages and directs the day to day programmes and activities with the help of help of his colleagues and students in accordance with the general rules and regulations laid down by the Education Department. It is prime need of a democracy that the heads of schools are given an opportunity to have their due say in educational matters. If they are not granted the freedom in dealing with these matters, they would not be able make use of their initiatives and would only be following the line dictated by higher authorities. Therefore when India has chosen the path of democracy, it becomes desirable that the school should be allowed some autonomy in regards to the selection of textbooks and teaching methods. A democratic outlook should be brought to bear on the internal management of the school so that not only educationists, administrators and teachers but the students as well be held equally accountable for the administration of the school in balanced coordination established between their activities and functions.
Main subject of educational administration is supposed "Authority and "Control" because the form of administration and its qualities depend upon this matter that authority and control are based on what point and how they are used. Infact, authority indicates that power which makes division of labour among the official and they are made held responsible for them. The control is a process by which the power is utilized. But these both the elements power and control decide the quality of administration. In the administration, authority and control can be placed in two categories:---
*Centralisation
*Decentralization
*Centralisation:-- Centralization is that form of administration in which power rests in a point. This central body formulates policies and executes them. At the same time it passes orders and provides funds. This sort of administration lays emphasis on uniformity. In it, monopoly of state is supposed on education. This sort of administration is governed by the bureaucrats.
*Decentralization:-- Decentralization indicates that form of administration in which power rests in local authorities. This kind of administration is based on the principle of "self -determination of local communities".In this form of educational administration guardians, community and teachers, all the three are given equal importance. At the same time, education is supposed to be a co- effort. This kind of administration lays emphasis on adaptation with local conditions. Along with it, it maintains diversity and also lays emphasis on the free and open expression of interactions that is free discussions are allowed in this form of administration.
NEED OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
The educational managers of India must change and use style that fit into the socio-culural and political change taking place in India. The traditional bureaucratic style may not work in the changed climate of the country. The educational managers in India are, in fact, facing today a very critical situation. They are finding that no style, neither this bureaucratic nor the democratic style is really working in most schools and university situations. Let us examine the kind of situation that exists in the field of education in which the leadership has to be exercised.
The whole field of education has been innundated with political activism during the past twenty years. There are students unions, teachers associations class 3 and 4 employees unions, citizens councils and parents association everywhere which are becoming more and more active day by day. They are bringing all sorts of desirable and undesirable pressures on the educational managers to influence their decision making process. To deal with them requires a new kind of insight and approach. It is not easy to say what kind of managerial style will be suitable in these situations. But a trained and insightful manager who is flexible enough can immediately identify which style will work.
Since the private sector in the field of education has been substantially cut down or made powerless, local control centers in the institutions have been abolished and the principals are finding it difficult to take work from teachers and other employees. Even the higher level managers are failing to help them. In this situation they are faced with the problems of maintaining the standards of teaching and effectiveness of the institutions. This calls for new skills wisdom on the part of the administrator. An entirely new kind of leadership is required.
Insufficient grants and inadequate financial support caused by several factors have posed for them other problems. They are short of equipments and other teaching learning facilities such as inadequate building, shortage of classroom, staff rooms, sports ground, laboratories etc. This has resulted in to teachers alienation from work and also has operated as a demotivating factors students learning. How to manage this situation is another challenging problem for the present day educational manager.
Due to loose control and misinterpretation of freedom and liberty, people in all educational organizations have become much more self-conscious and right-oriented. They fight for even the small things. The outcome is that the college and university are faced with many kinds of conflicts among people. The managers are required to have skills and insight into management of these conflicts. Organisational conflicts are going to stay with educational institutions in future also. The educational administrational administrators of tomorrow therefore, must learn strategies to manage these conflicts.
Today decision- making has become more complex in the field of education with the advent of democracy in India. Democratic tradition as part of societies culture encourages, participation of more and more of those who are concerned with the task. This situation makes it imperative for the educational managers to have the skills in participatory decision- making .
The emergence of the new concepts and approaches in the field of education such as non-formal education, adult education, life long education, community- based education, vocationalization of education etc, require still additional cognitive background and specific skills on the part of educational managers.
Insufficient grants and inadequate financial support caused by several factors have posed for them other problems. They are short of equipments and other teaching learning facilities such as inadequate building, shortage of classroom, staff rooms, sports ground, laboratories etc. This has resulted in to teachers alienation from work and also has operated as a demotivating factors students learning. How to manage this situation is another challenging problem for the present day educational manager.
Due to loose control and misinterpretation of freedom and liberty, people in all educational organizations have become much more self-conscious and right-oriented. They fight for even the small things. The outcome is that the college and university are faced with many kinds of conflicts among people. The managers are required to have skills and insight into management of these conflicts. Organisational conflicts are going to stay with educational institutions in future also. The educational administrational administrators of tomorrow therefore, must learn strategies to manage these conflicts.
Today decision- making has become more complex in the field of education with the advent of democracy in India. Democratic tradition as part of societies culture encourages, participation of more and more of those who are concerned with the task. This situation makes it imperative for the educational managers to have the skills in participatory decision- making .
The emergence of the new concepts and approaches in the field of education such as non-formal education, adult education, life long education, community- based education, vocationalization of education etc, require still additional cognitive background and specific skills on the part of educational managers.
BASE OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
*Educational Objectives
*Social Base
*Psychological Ground
*Educational Objectives:-- Educational administration is based on those educational objectives which are fixed by the prevalent philosophy of the society. Social philosophy is formulated by dynamic elements of social, cultural, historical, political and economic etc.under society and the some social determines educational objectives. Chiefly there are two kinds of philosophy available in the world. First is autocratic and second one is democratic philosophy. In the autocratic philosophy national interest is supposed to be on the top in comparison of individuals. In the democratic philosophy the emphasis is laid on the importance of individual and a balance is kept among individual and social interest.
In autocratic countries the form of educational administration is unitary and it is expected from official to obey the orders of the officers while in the democratic countries freedom of expression of individual is encouraged. In these countries educational administration is based on cooperation, adaptation, unification, participation of officials and sympathy.
Educational objectives in all the countries are not similar and permanent for ever. They are according to needs and aspirations of the country, they may be social, political, economic and of cultural life. When these needs and aspirations are flexible, educational objectives are also flexible in the same manner. Thus educational objectives play and important role in determining the form of educational administration.
*Social Base:-- Education is a social process and its working method and administration depends upon various social components. Philosophy and history of the nation affect the form of educational administration very much. United States of America attained freedom on the basis of democratic principles and in comparison of other nations, it rose very late as a new nation. Therefore, it was provided these democratic and decentralized firm of educational administration according to democratic school of thought, Russia adopted centralized educational administration due to historical effect and communistic philosophy. Present educational administration is the legacy of British rule in India. Thus no country can escape of its historical tradition. These traditions reflect in its educational administration.
The culture of the country reflects in educational administration directly or indirectly. Society expects from education that it should protect its culture. Along with it should be taken towards progress. Educational administration runs the institution or organization keeping in mind this view point of society. Due to this cause, educational administration is supposed to be a social process which directly or indirectly is effected with cultural environment or atmosphere of the country. Confirmation of this statement can be done with these words of Kandel ,"Education systems are effected with its cultural environment not only national systems are different from each other but in democracy where decentralization gains encouragement, local systems also became different from each other in several matters.
*Psychological Ground:-- Educational administration is different from other administrations because its relation is with the development of individual. In other administrations, it is not considered to pay heed on the development of individual. Therefore it cannot be separated its administration from the ideal of an individual. Educational administration is a dynamic process whose central point is child.
According to Graham Balfour:-- "Educational administration is to be enable the right pupils to receive the right education from the right teachers, at a cost within the means of the state under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their training. "
Thus educational administration should be individual based instead of file based. Therefore, it will be suitable if the educational administration endeavours for the maximum development of different sides of of individual like physical, religious, emotional and aesthetic etc. With the help of psychology, knowing about natural energy, capacity, ability and interest of child and according to them syllabus of school, time table, teaching method, teaching material, furnishing and furnitures etc. can be arranged, it will be the best way of development of individual. In addition to that ,efficiency will increase by having consideration of interests, energies and capacities of teachers and other staff because division of labour done according to interest and capacities help in encouraging staff for increasing capacity, co-operation and proper way of working.
The culture of the country reflects in educational administration directly or indirectly. Society expects from education that it should protect its culture. Along with it should be taken towards progress. Educational administration runs the institution or organization keeping in mind this view point of society. Due to this cause, educational administration is supposed to be a social process which directly or indirectly is effected with cultural environment or atmosphere of the country. Confirmation of this statement can be done with these words of Kandel ,"Education systems are effected with its cultural environment not only national systems are different from each other but in democracy where decentralization gains encouragement, local systems also became different from each other in several matters.
*Psychological Ground:-- Educational administration is different from other administrations because its relation is with the development of individual. In other administrations, it is not considered to pay heed on the development of individual. Therefore it cannot be separated its administration from the ideal of an individual. Educational administration is a dynamic process whose central point is child.
According to Graham Balfour:-- "Educational administration is to be enable the right pupils to receive the right education from the right teachers, at a cost within the means of the state under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their training. "
Thus educational administration should be individual based instead of file based. Therefore, it will be suitable if the educational administration endeavours for the maximum development of different sides of of individual like physical, religious, emotional and aesthetic etc. With the help of psychology, knowing about natural energy, capacity, ability and interest of child and according to them syllabus of school, time table, teaching method, teaching material, furnishing and furnitures etc. can be arranged, it will be the best way of development of individual. In addition to that ,efficiency will increase by having consideration of interests, energies and capacities of teachers and other staff because division of labour done according to interest and capacities help in encouraging staff for increasing capacity, co-operation and proper way of working.
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