CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
CONCEPT:--People, often use the terms administration, management and organization in the similar meaning. But it is not so. The administration is that capability through which socials powers and antagonistic elements are integrated in one organisms by which they may be directed in the form of unity. The management is that executive activity through which an administrator executes the administrative policies. The organization is related with those attitudes or elements through which some framework may be build up for the supply of required objectives. Management of some organizations or framework of an institution is done by the administration. The administration has no its existence beyond organization. Thus the administration is judicious utility used in some organizations of human and physical resources by which goals of organization may be achieved. In this sense, administration is a means not goal . Along with, it is also clear from it that administration is continuous process commencement of which begins with the start of institution or organization and it progress as the goal of institution or organization are achieved. In other words the administration develops accordingly.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Administration and management are used in the form of similar sense. Usually, we use educational management for educational administration and educational manager for educational administrator. But there is a minute difference between administration and management.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
CONCEPT:--People, often use the terms administration, management and organization in the similar meaning. But it is not so. The administration is that capability through which socials powers and antagonistic elements are integrated in one organisms by which they may be directed in the form of unity. The management is that executive activity through which an administrator executes the administrative policies. The organization is related with those attitudes or elements through which some framework may be build up for the supply of required objectives. Management of some organizations or framework of an institution is done by the administration. The administration has no its existence beyond organization. Thus the administration is judicious utility used in some organizations of human and physical resources by which goals of organization may be achieved. In this sense, administration is a means not goal . Along with, it is also clear from it that administration is continuous process commencement of which begins with the start of institution or organization and it progress as the goal of institution or organization are achieved. In other words the administration develops accordingly.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Administration and management are used in the form of similar sense. Usually, we use educational management for educational administration and educational manager for educational administrator. But there is a minute difference between administration and management.
ADMINISTRATION:-- 1)- Administration is a means which determine the objectives, policies and directive principles of organization.
2)- Administration is that term which is used for the administration of public matters law and order and civil institutions etc.
3)- Administration is related to rules and regulations. The more emphasis is laid on paper work in it.
4)- Due to laying emphasis on the rules the administration becomes difficult and traditional.
5)- The results can not be measured easily in the administration.
6)- Administration is a process which is related to decisions in which planning, organization, appointments of personnel, running of a business, coordination, report writing, presentation of budget and activities regarding evaluation are placed.
7)- Relation of the administration is with the coordination of physical and human endeavours.
MANAGEMENT:-- 1)- Management is that means which is related to the achievement of goals and objectives determined by the board of directors and governors.
2)- Use of the term namely "Management "is done for running companies, factories and firms etc.
3)- Management is related to goals and objectives. Due to this more emphasis is laid on results in it.
4)-Due to providing enforcement on results, management is innovative and imaginative.
5)- The results can easily be measured in management.
6)- Management is also a process which is related to decisions in which planning organizations, running of a business, coordination, report writing, preparation of budget and activities regarding evaluation are kept.
7)- Management is related to both individual and commodity.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
The shape of educational administration which we see today that was started as public administration. Indeed educational administration is a part of public administration. Inspite of a part of it, it is different. Because it is related to school and school in itself is a specific institution. On one hand it keeps the culture of society safe and on the other hand it regulates ahead by purifying it. At the same time, it performs as a means or instrument of social change. In this way education becomes a social process. Its administration becomes different to other administrations.
The term Administration " has been used very little Latin. But in Roman literature, it has been used like today . But the definite shape and meaning of this term was determined by "Camerial thought " developed in Germany and Austria. This school of thought attached the activities of persons working in public services with administration. To take this recognition ahead the following three statesmen played important role:------
(A) Procey took administration in the form of "Policy".
(B) Zinkey explained administration as "Management ".
(C) Bonn Justy supposed administration as "Economy".
Camarial thought made administration sequential by providing scientific base to it. But in the later half of the 18th century Alexander Hemilton tried to define administration. At the same time he made clear its concept. Hemilton is of the opinion that the functions of the government in broader sense, are related to those of all activities which have to be done by body politics. The body politics have to perform activities regarding legislative, executive and judiciary. But administration is related to the activities of executive only. In this way specific and delimited meanings of administration becomes clear. For the aforesaid functions of government, administration and management both the terms were used. On attaching administration with government activities, public administration got recognition. In the 19th century recognition of public administration became very much popular, consequently, a special branch of the study of government activities emerged.
In 1887 A.D., WOODROW WILSON got a book published namely "The Study of Administration ". This book defined administration specially in the form of government activities. With the result, in 1906, National Institute of Public Administration was established in United States of America. Woodrow Wilson related administration to government activities, policies of state and plans etc. Thereafter Frank Goodnow supposed administration and politics as different activity. The meaning of politics is with those functions of government which are related to expression of ambition and formulation of policies. In this way Woodrow Wilson and Frank Goodnow have explained administration in different meaning. Wilson expressed "what kind of administration ought to be." And Goodnow explained," what it is". In this way former explained it as "Normative" and latter made it clear as "Descriptive ".
Post -world War more it became development in the recognition of administration. There became development of three schools of thought. These are as follow:-----
*Marry Parker Pholet prepared background of social philosophy administration. In the development of this philosophy, she took content from industry, scientific management, political science and public administration and provided a new spindle to administration.
*Marris L. Cook, Peter Drucker etc.,supposed administration such a process in which Art, science, Ethical values, three of them are co- ordinated.
*About 1930, new things entered in administration. Consequently functions of administration attached with executive leadership. It was taken in to granted that there should be qualities of leader in administrator. Initiative of administrator, presence of mind and attitude to go ahead with team, to create interest and commitment in workers towards work etc. Symptoms of leader were accepted.
Luther, Gulick and Urvick supposed sociological elements important in the development of scientific administration on the basis of these elements, administrator can become farsighted. In providing scientific base to administration, these variables have given important cooperation. They are as under:---
1)- Efficiency Method
2)- Management Science
3)- Quantitative Decision-Making
Aforesaid three of variables are affecting the process of administration more and more. Due to the effect of modern science mechanisation is entering in these three of the variables with the result administration is becoming more and more objective based skilled and successful. Now administrator is becoming capable in taking decisions with no risk. Controling, planning and other administrative process are running more easily. Today, use of computer in the development of classroom programmes. Computer timetable, computer assisted time table, use of computer in controling and planning due to use of automatic apparatuses, administration is becoming more and more scientific.
The shape of educational administration which we see today that was started as public administration. Indeed educational administration is a part of public administration. Inspite of a part of it, it is different. Because it is related to school and school in itself is a specific institution. On one hand it keeps the culture of society safe and on the other hand it regulates ahead by purifying it. At the same time, it performs as a means or instrument of social change. In this way education becomes a social process. Its administration becomes different to other administrations.
The term Administration " has been used very little Latin. But in Roman literature, it has been used like today . But the definite shape and meaning of this term was determined by "Camerial thought " developed in Germany and Austria. This school of thought attached the activities of persons working in public services with administration. To take this recognition ahead the following three statesmen played important role:------
(A) Procey took administration in the form of "Policy".
(B) Zinkey explained administration as "Management ".
(C) Bonn Justy supposed administration as "Economy".
Camarial thought made administration sequential by providing scientific base to it. But in the later half of the 18th century Alexander Hemilton tried to define administration. At the same time he made clear its concept. Hemilton is of the opinion that the functions of the government in broader sense, are related to those of all activities which have to be done by body politics. The body politics have to perform activities regarding legislative, executive and judiciary. But administration is related to the activities of executive only. In this way specific and delimited meanings of administration becomes clear. For the aforesaid functions of government, administration and management both the terms were used. On attaching administration with government activities, public administration got recognition. In the 19th century recognition of public administration became very much popular, consequently, a special branch of the study of government activities emerged.
In 1887 A.D., WOODROW WILSON got a book published namely "The Study of Administration ". This book defined administration specially in the form of government activities. With the result, in 1906, National Institute of Public Administration was established in United States of America. Woodrow Wilson related administration to government activities, policies of state and plans etc. Thereafter Frank Goodnow supposed administration and politics as different activity. The meaning of politics is with those functions of government which are related to expression of ambition and formulation of policies. In this way Woodrow Wilson and Frank Goodnow have explained administration in different meaning. Wilson expressed "what kind of administration ought to be." And Goodnow explained," what it is". In this way former explained it as "Normative" and latter made it clear as "Descriptive ".
Post -world War more it became development in the recognition of administration. There became development of three schools of thought. These are as follow:-----
*Marry Parker Pholet prepared background of social philosophy administration. In the development of this philosophy, she took content from industry, scientific management, political science and public administration and provided a new spindle to administration.
*Marris L. Cook, Peter Drucker etc.,supposed administration such a process in which Art, science, Ethical values, three of them are co- ordinated.
*About 1930, new things entered in administration. Consequently functions of administration attached with executive leadership. It was taken in to granted that there should be qualities of leader in administrator. Initiative of administrator, presence of mind and attitude to go ahead with team, to create interest and commitment in workers towards work etc. Symptoms of leader were accepted.
Luther, Gulick and Urvick supposed sociological elements important in the development of scientific administration on the basis of these elements, administrator can become farsighted. In providing scientific base to administration, these variables have given important cooperation. They are as under:---
1)- Efficiency Method
2)- Management Science
3)- Quantitative Decision-Making
Aforesaid three of variables are affecting the process of administration more and more. Due to the effect of modern science mechanisation is entering in these three of the variables with the result administration is becoming more and more objective based skilled and successful. Now administrator is becoming capable in taking decisions with no risk. Controling, planning and other administrative process are running more easily. Today, use of computer in the development of classroom programmes. Computer timetable, computer assisted time table, use of computer in controling and planning due to use of automatic apparatuses, administration is becoming more and more scientific.
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