J.B. SEARS, HAGUEMAN and different thinkers told by activities for the admini-
strative process of education
J.B.Sears in his book "The Nature of the Administrative process " has mentioned five activities necessary for the administrative process. They are as under:---
*Planning
*Organization
*Direction
*Coordination
*Control
Hagueman has added leadership and purpose in above mentioned activities. In "Year Book" published by American Association of School Administrators, regarded the following activities very much important in the administrative process of education:--
*Planning
*Allocation
*Stimulation or Motivation
*Co-ordination
*Evaluation
On synthesising and analysing the activities told by different thinker the following activities may be comprised in administrative process of education:--
*Decision-making
*Planning
*Organization
*Communication
*Direction
*Co-ordination
*Reporting
*Budgeting
*Evaluation
*DECISION-MAKING:-- In all organization, decision is taken regarding conducting some activity. On the basis of these decisions different activities of the organization are run. In educational administration, administrators has to take such decisions day to day which are of routine type. In taking these decision he is not to exert more because these decision are based on past decisions or policies or defined rules. But administrators should adopt the following steps in taking healthy impartial and objective decision:--
*Clear knowledge of goals and objectives.
*Problem on which decision is to be taken, collection related informations, opinions and thoughts etc.
*To analyse collected facts, data and information, understanding and decision-making.
*On the basis of analysis and decision, to select from available alternatives.
*Evaluation of all available alternatives with viewpoint of meeting objectives.
*To select that alternative which may be more meaningful and definite in attaining goals and objectives.
*PLANNING:-- For converting purpose in to action planning is necessary. Planning is the selection of a good course a action out of several alternatives. Planning is useful because it clarifies what is to be accomplished . It saves time, efforts and money and increases efficiency and effectiveness. It is, therefore fundamental to the administrative process and a votal step in the enterprise.
Democratic society is dynamic and changing for the better one. Change is the law of nature and is bound to come . Evolutionary change is better than revolutionary. It is necessary to bring about change in a smooth and orderly process. The alternative to planning is the trial and error approach which is dangerous and wasteful. Planning is therefore indispensable. It requires future objectives, good perception and vision and ability to profit from theoretical experience in advance of the fact.
Planning is a method approaching problems and as the latter change and differ from time to time and situation to situation. Planning should be continuous, dynamic and flexible. Plans and ideas are to guide and ditect the workers efforts and activities. Their success depends upon other individuals, understanding and willingness to co-operate, upon their identification of themselves with the activity, its purpose and its success." Planning for others"does not bring good results, for the individuals keep themselves detached and unconcerned. Good administrators, plan "with others" their participation leads to identification and successful operation. A wise administrator stimulates group planning without dominating group decisions and actions.
The basic principle of good planning are:---
*Educational planning should be related to and integrateed with, the broad social planning for progress.
*planning should be based on extensive research to save it from subjectivity and conjectures.
*Planning should look both the present and the future.
*Planning should solve the problems as they arise,so it should be realistic and practical and must be periodically reviewed and revised.
*Planning should utilise all available resources.
*Planning should be carried on under favourable conditions carried on continuously with the active participation of the concerned persons and groups and cooperation of experts with no domination.
Eliot and Mossier:--Eliot and Mossier have laid emphasis on the following points for keeping in mind in construction of plan of school:--
*Formulation of objectives in the context of educational requirement and available resources.
*Expectations from school and educational requirements in specific community.
*Formulation of activities and special programmes of school.
*Formation of work units for realization of defined activities and goals.
*To brings in practice all the thought plan.
*Evaluation of continuous behaviours and works done.
*On the basis of aforesaid evaluation, to keep in mind the possibilities of re-planning.
*ORGANIZATION:-- Organization is the primary factor in efficient administration.
J.B.Sears :- "The term organisation is used widely to refer to any collection of persons, material, procedures, ideas or fact ,so arranged and ordered that in each case the combination of parts makes a meaningful whole. "
This includes both the structure of the machinery and the process. Organisation as a structure is a pattern of relationships. It is the positioning of the workers through whom efforts will flow, the assignment of a duties and responsibilities, the co- ordination and integration of activities of all the person, engaged in the pursuit, the tool for attaining the objectives. Person, places and things have to be so arranged that efforts flow freely towards the desired goals and this is the process of organizing. As a process organising means directing and controlling the relationship between person and persons and between persons and their work.
Organisation can be of two types:---
*Formal
*Informal
The formal is established by law and customs and the informal is the man to man relationships. The formal is concerned with position, the informal with persons. Both these are important and interrelated. All individuals in the formal have their parallel roles. The informal is the human factor and relates to the reactions of the person to each other and to the activity.
The good administrator establishes both formal and informal organization. He should set up the formal in keeping with the requirements of the task and also develop informal to reinforce efforts and activities. A good organization should be democratic, based on personal relationships, willing cooperation and active participation, people are brought nearer together and effort is integrated. In a good organization impetus and initiative for action come from the people themselves and not imposed from above.
Chester Bernard:--" In every formal organisation there prevails an informal organization. First (formal) for the its arrangement and continuity and second one (informal) is necessary for its life force."
The basic principles of good organizations are:--
*It should not be static, organisation needs continuous reorganization.
*It should be flexible so as to improve both relationship and standards of efficiency.
*It should be modified as and when educational theory advances, bringing in curricular and other changes. New challenges cannot be met with old machinery. But changes should be brought about slowly and with consultations and concent.
*It should provide for participation in policy-making and other administrative activities by teachers, students, parents and community. Participation broadens and strengthen human relationships.
*Organisational charts detailing "functions, jurisdictions, responsibilities, limits of authority, objectives and methods of measuring performance etc."promote better understanding and larger output.
*COMMUNICATION:-- Communication is that arrangement in which orders, notices, opinions, questions etc, from one man to another are sent to informal organisation, there is a definite procedure. In the organisation, process of communication works according to status and role. There kinds of communication is operative in school:--
*In descending order
*Parallel
*Ascending order
In first ,circulars, notices and informations and orders are sent to subordinates by higher officers. In second, teacher to teacher, worker to worker ,it means workers of same status exchange their views and opinions together. In third, information, opinions, ideas and suggestions sent to principal by teachers. Thus communication is that means by which institutions or organizations becomes united.
*DIRECTION:-- J.B.Sears--"Direction in administration is that part that affects the decision gives signal to act, what the action is to be taken and when it is to start and stop"
Guidance or leadership is the key-stone of the office of administration. The entire planning or organisation comes to naught in the absence of effective leadership or direction. Three things are noteworthy in this connection:--
*Making of decision
*Enunciation
*Ensuring their implementation
Thus direction in itself is not an easy process. For this the administrator must have the following qualities:--
*Ability of a high order
*Knowledge
*Capacity for leadership
*Foresight
*Experience and
*Direction
For efficient direction, it is essential to have a knack of establishing healthy human relation. If the head of the institutions lack this quality, he can not impart proper and effective direction to his colleagues or team. An effective leader should take decision on any matter in consultation with them. He should put his thoughts before his colleagues in such a manner that they may have a feeling of participation in the entire process of decision- making. Establishing such rapport with fellow workers results in successful direction of affairs.
*CO-ORDINATION:-- This is the process of putting things together in a harmonious relationship so that they may function more effectively. The administrator has to reckon with many physical, social and economic forces. He has to carry on a wide variety of activities. Co-ordination is necessary to attune all these factors and force to forge a unity in diversity of relationship to produce a unified and integrated total effect. For this deliberate efforts have to be made. Co-ordination is required in all the fields of administration, such as planning, organisation etc. It is also needed in respect of purpose, time and place of the various activities like laying down policies, preparing the budget, selection of staff and development of curriculum etc. Coordination depends upon the nature of the particular problem, circumstances and availability of resources and the final goal. The administrator should posses a good skill for harmonising all these diverse relationships.
Coordination has three factors. First, there are the parts, and the aspect of the programme, such as the staff, students, parents, curriculum etc. Second there are the means of co-ordination such as the rules, regulation and custom etc. Thirdly ,there are the climate ,the environment and the power of coordination. The administrator, for each particular situation, has to decide which parts, which methods and what power he is going to use.
Coordination is required at two stages. In the beginning of the administrative process, coordination is used to prevent the breakdown of the organisation and during the process of remedy the conflict and maladjustment. It starts with establishing a unity whenever the purpose, the structure and the process are threatened. Thus, it is both a preventive and a curative measure.
*REPORTING:-- Reporting holds an important place in the process of educational administration. The teachers should prepare report after the implementation of a plan over project and the educational administrator himself is expected to prepare a report about the organisation after making is detailed survey of the entire gamut of its functioning.
*BUDGETING:-- R.C. Sharma:--"Budgeting consiats of preparing an inventory of the educational requirements, drawing up programmes for meetings the requirements and allocating financial heads to them."
An administrator is very much responsible for the sound economy of the school.
*EVALUATION:-- Evaluation is also an important part of the process of administration. No activity is supposed to have been concluded successfully until and unless its results have been properly evaluated. Through the process of evolution we can know the extent to which we have been successful in realising the desired goals. Through this, one can know as to what deficiencies mark a certain activity and thys the reasons failure to achieve the desired success in a particular field of activity, are also brought to light. On the basis of evaluation, we can build a framework of future goals and working procedures. Administration is a dynamic process. As such, it needs to have a momentum for continuous progress and for achieving progress in all endeavour. It is very necessary to make an evaluation of our functioning from time to time.
In brief, it can be said that educational administration consists of proper management of the educational process. Success in administration rests on efficiency in inspections and effective supervision. However, laudable be the programmes unless the administrator proves his capability by effective leadership in implementing them and reviewing their progress time and again, the implementation would certainly be unsatisfactory.
strative process of education
J.B.Sears in his book "The Nature of the Administrative process " has mentioned five activities necessary for the administrative process. They are as under:---
*Planning
*Organization
*Direction
*Coordination
*Control
Hagueman has added leadership and purpose in above mentioned activities. In "Year Book" published by American Association of School Administrators, regarded the following activities very much important in the administrative process of education:--
*Planning
*Allocation
*Stimulation or Motivation
*Co-ordination
*Evaluation
On synthesising and analysing the activities told by different thinker the following activities may be comprised in administrative process of education:--
*Decision-making
*Planning
*Organization
*Communication
*Direction
*Co-ordination
*Reporting
*Budgeting
*Evaluation
*DECISION-MAKING:-- In all organization, decision is taken regarding conducting some activity. On the basis of these decisions different activities of the organization are run. In educational administration, administrators has to take such decisions day to day which are of routine type. In taking these decision he is not to exert more because these decision are based on past decisions or policies or defined rules. But administrators should adopt the following steps in taking healthy impartial and objective decision:--
*Clear knowledge of goals and objectives.
*Problem on which decision is to be taken, collection related informations, opinions and thoughts etc.
*To analyse collected facts, data and information, understanding and decision-making.
*On the basis of analysis and decision, to select from available alternatives.
*Evaluation of all available alternatives with viewpoint of meeting objectives.
*To select that alternative which may be more meaningful and definite in attaining goals and objectives.
*PLANNING:-- For converting purpose in to action planning is necessary. Planning is the selection of a good course a action out of several alternatives. Planning is useful because it clarifies what is to be accomplished . It saves time, efforts and money and increases efficiency and effectiveness. It is, therefore fundamental to the administrative process and a votal step in the enterprise.
Democratic society is dynamic and changing for the better one. Change is the law of nature and is bound to come . Evolutionary change is better than revolutionary. It is necessary to bring about change in a smooth and orderly process. The alternative to planning is the trial and error approach which is dangerous and wasteful. Planning is therefore indispensable. It requires future objectives, good perception and vision and ability to profit from theoretical experience in advance of the fact.
Planning is a method approaching problems and as the latter change and differ from time to time and situation to situation. Planning should be continuous, dynamic and flexible. Plans and ideas are to guide and ditect the workers efforts and activities. Their success depends upon other individuals, understanding and willingness to co-operate, upon their identification of themselves with the activity, its purpose and its success." Planning for others"does not bring good results, for the individuals keep themselves detached and unconcerned. Good administrators, plan "with others" their participation leads to identification and successful operation. A wise administrator stimulates group planning without dominating group decisions and actions.
The basic principle of good planning are:---
*Educational planning should be related to and integrateed with, the broad social planning for progress.
*planning should be based on extensive research to save it from subjectivity and conjectures.
*Planning should look both the present and the future.
*Planning should solve the problems as they arise,so it should be realistic and practical and must be periodically reviewed and revised.
*Planning should utilise all available resources.
*Planning should be carried on under favourable conditions carried on continuously with the active participation of the concerned persons and groups and cooperation of experts with no domination.
Eliot and Mossier:--Eliot and Mossier have laid emphasis on the following points for keeping in mind in construction of plan of school:--
*Formulation of objectives in the context of educational requirement and available resources.
*Expectations from school and educational requirements in specific community.
*Formulation of activities and special programmes of school.
*Formation of work units for realization of defined activities and goals.
*To brings in practice all the thought plan.
*Evaluation of continuous behaviours and works done.
*On the basis of aforesaid evaluation, to keep in mind the possibilities of re-planning.
*ORGANIZATION:-- Organization is the primary factor in efficient administration.
J.B.Sears :- "The term organisation is used widely to refer to any collection of persons, material, procedures, ideas or fact ,so arranged and ordered that in each case the combination of parts makes a meaningful whole. "
This includes both the structure of the machinery and the process. Organisation as a structure is a pattern of relationships. It is the positioning of the workers through whom efforts will flow, the assignment of a duties and responsibilities, the co- ordination and integration of activities of all the person, engaged in the pursuit, the tool for attaining the objectives. Person, places and things have to be so arranged that efforts flow freely towards the desired goals and this is the process of organizing. As a process organising means directing and controlling the relationship between person and persons and between persons and their work.
Organisation can be of two types:---
*Formal
*Informal
The formal is established by law and customs and the informal is the man to man relationships. The formal is concerned with position, the informal with persons. Both these are important and interrelated. All individuals in the formal have their parallel roles. The informal is the human factor and relates to the reactions of the person to each other and to the activity.
The good administrator establishes both formal and informal organization. He should set up the formal in keeping with the requirements of the task and also develop informal to reinforce efforts and activities. A good organization should be democratic, based on personal relationships, willing cooperation and active participation, people are brought nearer together and effort is integrated. In a good organization impetus and initiative for action come from the people themselves and not imposed from above.
Chester Bernard:--" In every formal organisation there prevails an informal organization. First (formal) for the its arrangement and continuity and second one (informal) is necessary for its life force."
The basic principles of good organizations are:--
*It should not be static, organisation needs continuous reorganization.
*It should be flexible so as to improve both relationship and standards of efficiency.
*It should be modified as and when educational theory advances, bringing in curricular and other changes. New challenges cannot be met with old machinery. But changes should be brought about slowly and with consultations and concent.
*It should provide for participation in policy-making and other administrative activities by teachers, students, parents and community. Participation broadens and strengthen human relationships.
*Organisational charts detailing "functions, jurisdictions, responsibilities, limits of authority, objectives and methods of measuring performance etc."promote better understanding and larger output.
*COMMUNICATION:-- Communication is that arrangement in which orders, notices, opinions, questions etc, from one man to another are sent to informal organisation, there is a definite procedure. In the organisation, process of communication works according to status and role. There kinds of communication is operative in school:--
*In descending order
*Parallel
*Ascending order
In first ,circulars, notices and informations and orders are sent to subordinates by higher officers. In second, teacher to teacher, worker to worker ,it means workers of same status exchange their views and opinions together. In third, information, opinions, ideas and suggestions sent to principal by teachers. Thus communication is that means by which institutions or organizations becomes united.
*DIRECTION:-- J.B.Sears--"Direction in administration is that part that affects the decision gives signal to act, what the action is to be taken and when it is to start and stop"
Guidance or leadership is the key-stone of the office of administration. The entire planning or organisation comes to naught in the absence of effective leadership or direction. Three things are noteworthy in this connection:--
*Making of decision
*Enunciation
*Ensuring their implementation
Thus direction in itself is not an easy process. For this the administrator must have the following qualities:--
*Ability of a high order
*Knowledge
*Capacity for leadership
*Foresight
*Experience and
*Direction
For efficient direction, it is essential to have a knack of establishing healthy human relation. If the head of the institutions lack this quality, he can not impart proper and effective direction to his colleagues or team. An effective leader should take decision on any matter in consultation with them. He should put his thoughts before his colleagues in such a manner that they may have a feeling of participation in the entire process of decision- making. Establishing such rapport with fellow workers results in successful direction of affairs.
*CO-ORDINATION:-- This is the process of putting things together in a harmonious relationship so that they may function more effectively. The administrator has to reckon with many physical, social and economic forces. He has to carry on a wide variety of activities. Co-ordination is necessary to attune all these factors and force to forge a unity in diversity of relationship to produce a unified and integrated total effect. For this deliberate efforts have to be made. Co-ordination is required in all the fields of administration, such as planning, organisation etc. It is also needed in respect of purpose, time and place of the various activities like laying down policies, preparing the budget, selection of staff and development of curriculum etc. Coordination depends upon the nature of the particular problem, circumstances and availability of resources and the final goal. The administrator should posses a good skill for harmonising all these diverse relationships.
Coordination has three factors. First, there are the parts, and the aspect of the programme, such as the staff, students, parents, curriculum etc. Second there are the means of co-ordination such as the rules, regulation and custom etc. Thirdly ,there are the climate ,the environment and the power of coordination. The administrator, for each particular situation, has to decide which parts, which methods and what power he is going to use.
Coordination is required at two stages. In the beginning of the administrative process, coordination is used to prevent the breakdown of the organisation and during the process of remedy the conflict and maladjustment. It starts with establishing a unity whenever the purpose, the structure and the process are threatened. Thus, it is both a preventive and a curative measure.
*REPORTING:-- Reporting holds an important place in the process of educational administration. The teachers should prepare report after the implementation of a plan over project and the educational administrator himself is expected to prepare a report about the organisation after making is detailed survey of the entire gamut of its functioning.
*BUDGETING:-- R.C. Sharma:--"Budgeting consiats of preparing an inventory of the educational requirements, drawing up programmes for meetings the requirements and allocating financial heads to them."
An administrator is very much responsible for the sound economy of the school.
*EVALUATION:-- Evaluation is also an important part of the process of administration. No activity is supposed to have been concluded successfully until and unless its results have been properly evaluated. Through the process of evolution we can know the extent to which we have been successful in realising the desired goals. Through this, one can know as to what deficiencies mark a certain activity and thys the reasons failure to achieve the desired success in a particular field of activity, are also brought to light. On the basis of evaluation, we can build a framework of future goals and working procedures. Administration is a dynamic process. As such, it needs to have a momentum for continuous progress and for achieving progress in all endeavour. It is very necessary to make an evaluation of our functioning from time to time.
In brief, it can be said that educational administration consists of proper management of the educational process. Success in administration rests on efficiency in inspections and effective supervision. However, laudable be the programmes unless the administrator proves his capability by effective leadership in implementing them and reviewing their progress time and again, the implementation would certainly be unsatisfactory.
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