NON CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

 MEANING  OF NON CONTAGIOUS DISEASE 

A non Contagious disease is a non infectious health condition that can not be spread from person to person.

          SOME RISK FACTORS INCLUDE

*UNHEALTHY DIET

*LACK OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

*SMOKING

*EXCESSIVE USE OF ALCOHOL


TYPES OF NON CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

*CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

*CANCER

*CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

*DIABETES

    CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 

Poor diet and physical inactivity can cause increased:---

*BLOOD PRESSURE

*BLOOD GLUCOSE

*BLOOD LIPIDS

*OBESITY

     These conditions increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

                  CANCER

Cancer affects people of all ages, socioeconomic status, genders ethnicities. It's the most common cause of non communicable disease death globally.

  Some cancer  can not be  avoided due to genetic  risks. However the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION estimates that 30 to 50 percent of  cancer  are preventable with  adoption of healthy lifestyle choices.

   Key steps in preventing disease include:--

*AVOIDING  TOBACCO

*LIMITED ALCOHOL

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE 

   Chronic respiratory disease are ailments affecting the airways and lung  structures. Some of these diseases have a genetic  basis.

    However, other causes include lifestyle choices such as--‐-

*SMOKING

*ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Air pollution
Poor air quality
Poor  ventilation
   
              While  these  diseases are incurable, they  can be managed with medical treatment. The most common chronic respiratory disease are include:---

*CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

*ASTHMA

*BLACK LUNG

*PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

*CYSTIC FIBROSIS

      DIABETES

    Diabetes occurs when the body can not produce enough insulin, a harmone that regulates blood sugar. It can also occur when the body can not effectively use the insulin it produces.

SOME EFFECTS OF DIABETES INCLUDE:--

*HEART DISEASE

*VISION LOSS

*KIDNEY INJURIES

   If blood sugar levels are not controlled, diabetes can seriously damage other organs and systems in the body over time.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL PROGRAMME IN INDIA

PHYSICAL  EDUCATION IN INDIA

It is the thought of  EDUCATION  COMMISSION that in Indiain physical education, the stress is only being  given on keeping body healthy and its educational value  is being forgotten. In fact, from physical education, not only physical  health is effected but physical  capacity, mental alertness, toil, group  feeling, leadership, obedience of rules, neutrality in victory and defeat etc.are also developed which  are supposed to  high qualities. Physical education is very much helping in developing these virtues. In India, only on the following principles a satisfactory  physical education  programme can be  prepared:-

*Keeping  in mind the  interest and capicity of participants in programmes.

*In this programme proper emphasis should be given  on traditional  games and physical activities  which have been developed in our country.

*Which programmes are presented, they should be  supplement of other programmes of education.

*Programmes  should not be for some selected students but for all.

*The students of specific inclination and intelligence should be  imparted special education and  training.

*In the  field of sports, and also  in gymnasium, which experiences is recieved from  them,with it understanding should be  created for sharing hands in responsibilities with feeling of democratic cooperation.

*For all stages, at the time of preparing physical education programme, being limited  facilities, time  and teachers,it should not be  considered  that what is useful, notwithstanding it  should also be considered that what is  possible.

*The programme should be under reach of our funds.

PROGRAMME OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOL

    For Physical Education Programme of school, at the time of selection  of various activities, the following points should be kept in mind----------

*Innate qualities and interests of children  at various stages of  development.

*Physical  conditions of  children.

*Differentiation between either  sexes.

*Works load of  teachers.

*Facts regarding  health.

*Availability  of place according to  sports.

*Availability of equi9.

*Availability of time.

        Keeping  above  points in mind for children of various levels, the following programme of physical education can be  formulated:--

PROGRAMME FOR THE CHILDREN OF PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOL

      At this stage the age limit of children is from 3 to 5 years. Main qualities and needs of children of this stage are as under-----active curiosity, anxiousness for muscular exercise, strong attitudes for  follow up maximum individuality, freedom ,intrest in running after  fellow and vice versa, to go up and go down,love with  rhythm and  songs, lack of concentration. Keeping these qualities and needs in mind place should be given to independent muscular activities in programme of physical education. Thus in programme of this level important place should be given to music, rhythm, dance, activities related  with climbing and balancing, and activities related with follow up etc.

PROGRAMME FOR THE CHILDREN OF JUNIOR SCHOOL

  At this stage, age limit of  children is from 6 to 11 years. The main  features of  children are -------slow speed of development, interest in rhythm, attitude  of quarreling, curiosity and feeling of follow up, lack of  patience, beginning of groups and clubs, more interest in songs of girl .In the programme of this level the place should be given to  dramas based on stories, songs, games based on hunting  dramatics activity, Relay race swimming, games based on  balls like Football, Baseball, Basketball etc.

PROGRAMME FOR THE STUDENTS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL

  At this  stage, the limit of age of children is from 11 to14 years. The main peculiarities of these children are in this way-----speedy development, awkwardness, increase in concentration, group, club and team etc.,they have faith in all these  things, attraction towards opposites  sex ,follow their  leader ,want of understanding of  view of adults, lack of patience for parental control, more interest in social relations, girls are more  mature  rather  than  boys, there is more in dramatics dance and folk dance in girls.For this level in programme of physical education stress should be  laid on organised sports and games, organisation of clubs rhythm and dance etc.

PROGRAMME OF THE STUDENTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

     Students of this level are of the age limit from 14 to 18 years. In the students of this level are found leader-worship competitive feeling, power of self-confidence, adequate development in patience and  adjustment, more development of conscience and concentration, faith and  courage etc.qualities.Keeping all these in mind,in the programme of this level important place should be provided to team,sports, rhythmical activities, swimming, personal activities, organised sports, gymnastics, competitive games etc.

                    EDUCATION COMMISSION

"In the physical education developmental exercise, rhythmical activities, game and sports,excursions and group activities should be included. There should be its easy and  high  from both .In preliminary classes, easy  activities should be begum and as the children are  becoming mature, more high  from  should be  taught. "

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

MEANING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION :-

Generally, meaning of physical education is taken from  development of physical organs.,But this  view is  very narrow. In it physical education is limited to "Construction of Body,,"only .But ,physical education is not limited to "Body Building".Only, notwithstanding, it is sources of good citizenship or promotion of health. Here the meaning of health is from the physical and mental both kinds of health. In fact,"Physical education is that phase of the  whole process of education which is concerned with vigorous muscular activities and related responses and with the modification of the individual resultant from these responses. "Thus we can say that physical education is the process or that part of plan of developing  individual wholly.

SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMISSION:--

"The physical  welfare of the  youth of the  country should be one of the  main concerns of the  state and any departure from the normal standards of physical wellbeing at this  period of life may have serious consequences. "

AIMS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Construction of aims of physical education has been  done on the basis of fundamental concepts of education. In these concepts, the following have been given important place:-

*Education is the process of becoming changes due to reactions of his own.

*Arranged physical education is related to those changes of prosperity which enable him for reaching up to the highest development in all spheres of life. Along with they would  provide help in settling properly in which universe ,he lives.

On the  basis of these concepts NIXON AND COZENS AND DUGLAS have determined  which  aims are of physical education. They are as following:-

*"Organized physical education should aim to make the maximum contribution to the optimum development of the individual potentialities in all phases of life,by placing him in an environment as favourable as possible to promotion of such  muscular and related responses of activities as will best contribute to this purpose. "

*Development of body power.

*Development of skills in activities related with physical education.

*Development of appropriate social habits and conditions.

*To create love for games and  recreation.

             In the end, we can say that physical education 's aim is to keep body and mind healthy. Along with keeping healthy these both, it should also work for keeping their  health  safe.

ADVANTAGE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE

By exercise the following changes have been noted in behaviour and personality---

*It becomes good appetite. By it physical power increases. The body becomes healthy and free of diseases.Effect of these all becomes on both ---boys and girls. Their behaviour changes or changes in their behaviour are noted. They exercise control over their speech. Children may be  capable in reducing playfulness of mind.

*By this irritation and anger banish.

*It develops confidence and enables for right decision at the right time.

*Provide power for implementation on decision firmly.

*It increases power of memory.

*One can do day to day work  happily.

*One gets relief from  jealously, enmity, repentance, hatred and crime like  feeling.

*Banishes anxiety and phobias---like mental  disease.

*From  exercise, it banishes  laziness. Along with fatigue also banishes.

*It brings grace on face.

*One becomes optimistic from it.

*It develops feeling of healthy competition.

SOLUTION OF DEFECTIVE POSTURES

SOLUTION  AND REMEDY OF DEFECTIVE  POSTURES:--For solution  and remedy of defective postures, the following measures  can be used:--

*In school, according to need  of children, appropriate chairs and  desks etc. should be  provided.

*Searching  out reason  of fatigue and  tension, steps should be taken  for removing  them.

*To students of big  classes to make  them known  with defects of postures and their their remedies.

*To create attitude in students for developing proper  postures.

*To make students for remedial exercise as per requirement.

*To arrange nutritious and balanced diet for  students.

*To make the students aware about the demerits of too tight clothes along with  to fix a uniform of school.

*To make the environment of school and home proper.

*proper arrangement of light and fresh air should be  done in class rooms and other  places.

*Wrong  postures of students should be  checked by  teachers.

*For lessening fatigue, appropriate arrangement should be  made in home  and school both.

*To do proper arrangement of treatment  of students affected by severe  ailments.

*Students  should be  prevented from  carrying heavy  school bags on their shoulders.

*Small  children should not be engaged too much in drill.

PROPER POSTURES IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS:-- In the postures of child the following points should be kept in mind----------

1-IN SITTING  SITUATION:- *While sitting in chair, the head, back and hips should remain in a proper vertical straight line.

*The  back should remain in the contact with the back of the chair.

*The  chest should remain erect in the front.

*Equal weight should be  on both the hips.

*The foot-steps should be touch the floor and should be kept straight.

*The thigh should  remain  at the right angles with upper part of the body.

*Both the arms should remain  balancing.

2-IN READING SITUATION:-In proper posture of this situation, the following points should be kept in mind----------

*At the  time of reading children  should sit straight.

*The distance between  eyes and the book  should be 30 cms.

*The book should be  caught on 45°.

*The desk should be placed on plus distance from the  chair.

*Little  children should not be given  books printed in small letters.

3-IN SITUATION  OF WRITING:- In proper posture of this situation, the following points should be kept in mind----------

*Children  should  keep  body straight and balanced  at the time of writing.

*Thighs should be horizontal and the  feet should rest on  floor.

*Exercise book of writing should be kept at the distance of one foot.

*The pen should be  caught with the  help of the thumb, first and  middle  fingers, the face of the pen should be outside of right hand.

*At the time of writing  with right hand, the paper  of exercise book  continuously should be done in correct  position.

4-IN STANDING  SITUATION:- In postures of this  situation, the following points should be kept in mind----------

*The weight of whole body  should rest upon both the feet equally and heels of feet  should  rest on ground  correctly.

*The head should  remain straight chest should remain bulge out and both the shoulders  should remain in one line.

*Distance between both the feet should be 8-10 cms.

*If someone has to stand for more time, the most appropriate way is that one step should be kept little forward, so that body weight is kept on hind leg and on feeling fatigue  the position may be  changed  and  so on.

POSTURE

JESSIE HELEN HAAG-‐----"Posture conditions can affect the physiological functions as well as the  mental health of the patient, they need expert medical care. "

POSTURE:- Posture means for a person to balance his body specifically .Proper posture is that  in which  man does not feel  any  effort  in balancing  his body weight or both the  feet  with equilibrium. In it one feels less fatigue.

CAUSES OF WRONG POSTURE:- Domestic causes of  wrong posture are the following:--

*Non availability of adequate and nutritious food by which  bones and muscles become weak, and they feel fatigue  very  soon.

*The contaminated physical  atmosphere of home------crowd and want of air and light.

*Want of rest and sleep, wrong exercise, and habits of uncleanliness may be  responsible for wrong  postures.

*Bad habbits of standing and sitting.

*Some physical  disease like bronchitis and heart disease  may be cause of  wrong postures.

*At the  time of standing to put quantum of body on one foot only instead of both  and to use  other  one foot only for support.

CAUSES RELATING TO SCHOOL:--The following unsatisfactory conditions of school may be  responsible for wrong  postures:-

*Unappropriate desks or furniture.

*Polluted atmosphere of class room for instance light and air are not well  arranged.

*To carry  school  bag only on one shoulder.

*To pay little attention towards fatigue and recreation.

*No attention  of teacher on wrong postures of child.

*Continuing with  work in one position only till long time.

*No attention to  be paid by teachers on vision and  hearing defects.

*Defects regarding postures develop due to some diseases like marasmus,tuberculosis paralysis etc.

CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS

CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS----In chemical disinfectants main are being described-‐----

**BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY
**CARBOLIC ACID OR PHENOL
**POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
**LIME
**CHLORINATED LIME OR BLEACHING POWDER
**SOAP
**SULPHUR DIOXIDE
**FORMALDEHYDE GAS
**CHLORINE GAS
**HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS
**AEROSOLS

**BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY-----It is also called perchloride of mercury. It is  very powerful disinfectants for destroyed microbes, and spores. It is  used in the  ratio of 1:1000,with the  use of this quantity, microbes of glandrums,dyphtheria,typhoid and anthrax can be killed within 10 minutes. For destroying spores, quantity should be  inthe ratio of 1:500.This is not deodorants. Its solution is quite colorless and poisonous.

**CARBOLIC ACID OR PHENOL---------It is obtained from distilling of coal tar.It is cheap and  useful disinfectant.But ,it cannot  destroy spores.

**POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE--------Its disinfectants power is due to oxygen. Its use is done  for disinfecting water at the  time of cholera is spread. It functions only in the  form of deodorant.

**LIME-----It is the cheapest and powerful disinfectants. It should be used only after extinction. It is used for disinfecting water, excrements and flooretc.1:10 solution of lime destroys microbes in few hours.

**CHLORINATED LIME OR BLEACHING POWDER-‐-------It can receive moisture of air and carbon dioxide easily and readily. It functions in both the forms deodorants and disinfectant. 5% solution of bleaching powder is sufficient for disinfecting filth.For disinfecting rooms, solution of 1:30 is enough. For disinfecting wells 1/2 ounce powder is sufficient for 1000 gallon water.

**SOAP------Due to too much use,soap is less important in the form of disinfectant.But for cleaning, it functions as an important means.In destroying diphtheria Bacilli,cleaning through soap and hot water is useful. Coconut soap is helpful in disinfecting microbes of typhoid.

**SULPHUR DIOXIDE----This gas is made by burning sulphur. It is  mainly used for disinfecting ships,cars and stable etc.It is a poisonous gas. Its germicidal action depends upon presence of humidity.

**FORMALDEHYDE GAS--------It is powerful  disinfectants. It is  used as steam. It does not leave any bad effect on metal. Its powerful solution is  very much harmful to eyes and lungs. It can be used in the following ways---

**PERMANGANATE METHOD
**BLEACHING POWDER  METHOD
**PARAFORM METHOD

**PERMANGANATE  METHOD-----In it,for disinfecting per thousand cubic feet of place 5 ounce potassium  permanganate and from 10 to 15 ounce 40% formilinis mixed. Formilin should be  dissolved in the water  of that  volume. This method is easy and effective. But at the time of  use of  it,no fire should be brought near it,because it is inflammable. Thus,there  may be explosion.

**BLEACHING POWDER METHOD------In it,for disinfecting per thousand  cubic feet of  place 2 pounds  bleaching powder and 40 ounce formalin is sufficient. In it,firstly power is mixed in water to make a paste. After that, formalin is  mixed in that paste.

**PARAFORM METHOD-------In it for disinfecting per thousand cubic feet of place, 25 paraform tablets are heated by alphormant lamp.This tablet is of one gram in weight. By heating up formalin,Aldehyde is converted in solid poly meriod paraform.

**CHLORINE GAS-------it is disinfectants and deodorant both.It is  more harmful for eyes than sulphur dioxide. For disinfecting per thousand cubic feet of place one pound sulphuric acid or hydrochloric  and 2 pound of bleaching powder is enough. By mixing of these both, chlorine gas is  formed.

**HYDROCYANIC ACID  GAS------Bacteria is not effected by this  gas.Its use is done mainly for destroying rats,flea and other affected things. It is chemically inactive. In America practically this gas has occupied the place of  sulphur  dioxide in the form of fumigant.For disinfecting per thousand cubic feet of place 5 ounce potassium cyanide, 7.5 ounce sulphuric acid and 10 ounce water mixture from  this  gas and it is  sufficient.

**Aerosols------ Aerosol is that element which becomes worthy of  praying in its last form. In a good Aerosol, following are the qualities-‐------

**RAPID GERMICIDAL ACTION
**HIGH DISPERSIBILITY

Aerosol does not leave any bad effect on the  human  beings or animals. These are not virus. In these sodium hypochlorite, ethylene,glycol, and propylene glycol are the main.

DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANT

**DISINFECTION---This is that process of use of disinfectant by which  specific  bacteria  of infectious diseases are destroyed by using enough disinfectants and in sufficient quantity and power. Disinfection should be done during  diseases period and at the end of disease that is at the both time.When person is affected, then his excrements should be disinfected immediately. Such disinfection are called concurrent disinfection. When the patient  becomes disease free,thenhis room and other material should be disinfected necessarily. Such disinfection is  called terminal disinfection.

**Disinfectants--------disinfectants are those elements which have strength to destroy microbes with root.Disinfectants may be divided in three  groups:---------

**NATURAL  DISINFECTANTS
**PHYSICAL  DISINFECTANTS
**CHEMICAL  DISINFECTANTS

These three  sorts of groups of disinfectants are being  discussed  below with disinfectant elements in each group separately:-----

**NATURAL  DISINFECTANTS-------In natural disinfectants, fresh air and sunlight are very much important. These  both provide too much help in preventing infectious diseases and to banish infection. Increase of micro organisms can be checked by drying. Along with, they can help be made strengthless.Oxygen of air helps too much in killing microbes. The light of sun is powerful germicide because ActinicRays are  available in it.Mainly this is done by Ultraviolet Rays.In atmosphere, Actinic Rays,through its action make oxide on ozone and hydrogen. These two work as main source for making  oxygen. Microbes of diphtheria die out in an hour in direct sunlight. In the same way ,tubercle microbes also die out in sunlight  very  soon.

**PHYSICAL  DISINFECTANTS---------These disinfectants may be divided in two  parts-----
**DRY HEAT
**MOIST  HEAT

**DRY HEAT----Under this come two disinfectants---

**BURNING
**HOT DRY AIR

**BURNING-----This is the best method of disinfection.This method should be used for cheap things. Act of burning should be done in hearth but  this hearth should be in open  place. Huts affected by infectious diseases like plague or other cheap residential places should be burnt. Excrements of patients of cholera and enteric fever should necessarily be burnt.

**HOT DRY AIR-----In this method, there is less power of destroying microbes rather than burning. Due to this reason,this method is not used more.It is appropriate method for disinfecting things of leather, books, rubber articles etc.This is also appropriate for killing insects.

**MOST HEAT--‐----Under this come two disinfectants-------

**BOILING
**STEAM

**BOILING---This is skilled and effective method. For destroying germs 10 minutes boiling is enough. But for spore boiling it is needed at least half an hour. Clothes smeared in blood or excrements should be washed first with  soap, after that they should be  boiled. Woolen clothes should not be boiled for disinfecting. By this method, bed sheets,bed pan urine potand utensils  of cooking etc.may be disinfected.

**STEAM----This is the best method for using moist heat with the purpose of disinfection.It can be used in three forms-‐----

**CURRENT STEAM
**SATURATED STEAM
**SUPERHEATED STEAM

**CURRENT STEAM--------It is also  called "Low pressure  steam".It has got the power of disinfecting like boiling water. This disinfectant is cheap in the beginning. But,in long period, it becomes costly, because more fuel is used in it.

**SATURATED  STEAM--‐-‐-When,the steam is prepared in some closed vessels, then its pressure increases  more. In this way made steam is called saturated  steam. It is more appropriate for disinfection.

SUPERHEATED  STEAM--------It can be  prepared by two  methods-----

**When the steam is heated without  increasing pressure, then the  temperature of steam increases. Such steam is called superheated steam.

**It can also be made by boiling solution of salt, because salt solution boils at high  rate of temperature rather than ordinary water. Inthis steam, the qualities of dry gas are  found. But there is no use of it as disinfectants, because its physical quality  destroys.It can not intensify or solidify.

**CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS--‐----The disinfectants can be divided in the following parts---------

**SOLIDS
**LIQUIDS
**GASES
**AEROSOLS

REMEDIES FOR CONTROLLING INFECTION

***NOTIFICATION:-For controling of Infection, first of all remedy is this  that its information should be given to high officials or related  officers, so that they may take steps for preventing it.Notification means to inform local health officers about every incident of infectious disease. Be it this local officer health officer of municipal board or District Medical officer. The following are the benefits of this kind of information----

*By this officers avail opportunity of isolating  patients, and doing necessary disinfection.

*By this, a helpis availed in preventing extensionof infection. They may arrange inoculation for checking extension of disease. They may arrange vaccination of T.A.B.and anticholera for saving other people from infection disease like small-pox,cholera and anteric fever.

*Real and main source of  Infection can be found out.Patients of city, town and district can be found  out.

*In school or other centers, extension of Infection can be controlled by isolating members of infected houses.

*By examining milk depot, and sources of water supply, sources of epidemic diseases may be found  out.

*It provides opportunity to find out healthy  conditions of houses.

*It provides opportunity to look after doubtful and provable patients.

NOTIFIABLE DISEASES-------Information of the following disease should be provided to health officers-----

Cholera, smallpox, plague, enteric fever, dysentery dyphtheria,mumps, tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough and measles, yellow fever, typhoid, typhus diseases.


WHO SHOULD  NOTIFY ------- When a doctor understands by examining a person that he is affected  by infectious disease, then it becomes his prime duty to inform health officers about it. If he does not act in such manner, actions should be taken against him under Municipal Act. Guardian or caretaker of patient should  inform about infectious disease. Any person living in the house of the patient may inform about it.Manager of a hotel or other institution may inform about it.

***ISOLATION-‐----‐For controling extension of infectious diseases isolation is the only best method. Isolation time is generally that period when a patient does not remain infective for others.By isolation, the patient is separated from other person for this reason, so that, through direct or indirect sources, his Infection may not be communicated to other person.By it other persons may not be carriers of infectious diseases. The patient of infectious diseases may be isolated by putting in separate hospital and by providing place in home.In big cities, for the patients of infectious diseases there  should be separate  arrangement in hospitals. In hospital,there should be separate  wards for various infectious diseases In these ,there should be  arrangements of 144sq ft floor and 6 thousand cubic ft.per hour fresh air for each patient. It is very essential. The patient  may be isolated in the home by doing separate arrangement for them. At the time of isolating in the home the following  points should be kept in mind----------

*It would be very nice, if the room of patient is at upper  floor.

All unnecessary furniture of the room should be ousted.

*Cloth wetted in solution carbolic acid should be used as curtain on the door.

*For airiness, so far possible windows should be kept open.

*Caretaker or nurse only should be allowed to go inside the room of patient.

*Clothes of patient should be dipped in disinfectants solution later on, they should be boiled for disinfection.

*Excrement of patient should be collected in a vessel. But,in that pot strong disinfectants solution should be kept necessarily. His excrement should be burnt or buried in the ground.

*Appropriate steps should be taken for removing flies and mosquitoes from the room of patient.

*After taking out the vessels from the room of patient, they should be disinfected completely.

*The visitors should  not be allowed to enter the room of patient to see him.

*Children and workers of affected house should not be sent to their respective  institutions for doing work.

*When Infection or fear is over, the patient  should be given bath  completely and his clothes should be  changed, After this,he should be  allowed to meet others.


*If due to any  reason the patient  dies,his deadbody should be covered with cloth wetted in the corbolic lotion and should be burnt.

*The room of patient should be disinfected completely after  itis vacated by the patient.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE OR CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

MEANING Of INFECTION: 

Infection  means creation of  some  pathogenic microorganisms in body. In these organisms, there  is potentiality to rise in growth under body. These organisms  may also increase  without  coming in the contact of some  patient.  Toxin is produced  by them. The diseases based on this  sort of Infections are called  infectious  or communicable  or contagious diseases.

J.H.HOOG:- 

Communicable or infectious  disease have specific  causative agents,which are minute microorganisms. These agent identify thus enabling the physician  to destroy the causative agent and to treat  the person  who  is ill with  the disease. These causative  agents  are classified  as bacterial,viruses, protozoa,fungi.

MEANING Of COTAGIOUS DISEASE:-

This disease  is regarded the result  of Infection. The Infection when it is transmitted  directly from one to another,then it is called contagious  diseases.But infectious disease is thatin which  infection is transmitted indirectly through  air water and food etc.

STAGE OF  AN CONTAGIOUS DISEASE 

All contagious diseases pass through  the five stages:-

*INCUBATION PERIOD
*THE PRODORMAL STAGE
*FASTIGIUM
*PEACE  PERIOD
*PERIOD  OF CONVALESCENCE

 *INCUBATION  PERIOD:-

Just after entering the body, pathogenic  organisms do not show symptoms of disease, not with standing they increase  themselves  in the body.Along with  they fight with  blood  cells. Thus period of showing symptoms after entering the body of organisms,which may be from some hours to weeks, it is called  incubation period. In this period the affect ed person would be visible completely  healthy and little unhealthy .

PRODORMAL STAGE:-

This is that stage in which  persons  should feel  first  symptoms of disease or primary symptoms  are visible  on his body. This stage  sometimes is called invasion  period.

FASTIGIUM:-

In this stage fastigium comes in symptoms of contagious disease. This period is also known as top period In this period, the disease is at its peak stage.

PEACE PERIODS:-

In this  stage, it lessens fastigium of disease and the patient  feels comfort  or better.

*PERIOD OF CONVALESCENCE:-

In this period, the patient overcomes the invaders and their  viruse completely. But he feel fatigue and weakness due to destruction of tissues. Therefore he needs  fresh  air,nutritive food  tonic and exercise till that time he recovers  completely.

First aid

First aid treatment means is with that first aid through which life of the patient is kept safe till doctor comes.

           ACCORDING TO SMITH R.C.F 

It is essential that teachers should have knowledge of the principles of first aid treatment. Accident in the science rooms and else where are of frequent occurrence and some unless adequately treated immediately may have unfortunate results.

        GENERAL ACCIDENTS AND THEIR 
                            FIRST  AID 

 BLEEDING 

There are three kind of bleeding :-
:-
* CAPILLARY BLEEDING 
* VENOUS BLEEDING 
* ARTERIAL BLEEDING 

 CAPILLARY BLEEDING :- It is a common bleeding. In it blood flow slowly and slowly from capillary.

 TREATMENT :- From which part blood  is flowing  that should  be dipped in water. After it , it should be tied with clean  cloth  being  soaked  in cold water. It would  give relief.

 VENOUS BLEEDING :- Flowing  blood  from  vein is of bluish red blood  in colour and flows abruptly in a stream  from wound from opposite  side  of heart.

TREATMENT :- *Bandage should be wrapped tightly on wound at opposite side of heart.

*Bandage should be tied on wound being soaked gauze or cotton in insecticide  solution. This gauze  or cotton  should  be kept on wound  before  fastening  bandage.

*Wounded hand or foot should be kept down ward.

ARTERIAL  BLEEDING :- In this sort of bleeding, the blood  is bright  or shining,and it comes out  sport ively whose  speed  of jump  is equivalent  to heart beating  .In this blood  comes out from  wound  from  the side  of heart.  For stopping this  sort of bleeding ,special  effort s should  be  made at once because  more bleeding  may claim even life.

TREATMENT:-* For stopping  this pressure  should be  given  on wound. 

*If blood does not stop on being given  pressure  on wound  the nearest  pressure  point  should be  pressed  towards  heart.

*The wounded  part should be  raised up side so that blood  related  to artery should  flow to back side and should  flow  little  from outside.

*Doctor should be called  immediately  or take patient to doctor before  being  late because  it would  leave bad effect  on ligament.